-
That's where they all come from, they all come from the zygote The word for that is totipotent, totally potent.
这是干细胞的来源,都来源于受精卵,这种细胞称为全能干细胞,具备全部潜能
-
So the idea is, if you can take a cell... you can take a stem cell from your body
所以如果你能够取得一个细胞……如果你能够从你体内取得一个干细胞，
-
A capability for asymmetric division and the production of cells that become differentiating more mature cells, those are properties of stem cells.
能够完成不对称分裂,以及产生细胞,并分化成为一些更成熟的细胞,这些是干细胞的性质
-
So we need to get embryonic stem cells to form surface cells.
那么，我们就应该从表层细胞中提取胚胎干细胞。
-
If we understood them well enough we could potentially make any particular kind of cell in the body from those pluripotent cells.
如果我们能研究得足够透彻,我们就有可能利用这些多能干细胞,制造我们体内任何特定的细胞
-
Of a million cells in the bone marrow there might only be one of these.
一百万个骨髓细胞中,也许只有一个多能干细胞
-
It's this - its cells in this region here, this inner cell mass that that's the source of embryonic stem cells, cells from inner cell mass here.
就是这个,在这片区域的胚胎细胞,即内细胞群,而胚胎干细胞的来源所在,就是源自这里的内细胞群
-
It's no longer a stem cell but it's a progenitor cell.
它不再是干细胞而是祖细胞
-
What does that mean to have the stem cell character?
拥有干细胞特征的细胞是什么意思
-
As we've found cells from adult organisms that seem to be multipotential and studied them more carefully, some of their potentials turn out to be lost, they're not exactly the same.
因为我们在成人机体中找到,这些看上去是多能干细胞的细胞后,仔细研究后发现它们的一些潜能已经丢失,和胚胎中的那些并不一样
-
And this diagram shows what I simply labeled as a stem cell, so I'm not referring to any particular kind of stem cell now, but just a cell that has the stem cell character.
这张图示内容我就简单地标注为干细胞,现在我提到的干细胞不是特指哪种干细胞,而是指拥有干细胞特征的细胞
-
The other one is a committed progenitor cell that now somehow has been changed in such a way that it's going to mature and develop into non-stem cells or the cells that make up our bodies, somatic cells.
而另一个子细胞就通过某种变化,成了定向的祖细胞,并将成熟和发育为非干细胞的细胞,就是构成我们身体的细胞,体细胞
-
In terms of function they're very important because this stem cell which is produced goes back into the population of stem cells and is able to repeat this process to form new committed progenitor cells and to form new stem cells.
但就功能而言这些干细胞则至关重要,因为这类分裂产生的子细胞,依然是干细胞,可以再次重复上述步骤,生成新的定向祖细胞,和新的干细胞
-
Potential refers to what it sounds like, 'what potential does this committed progenitor cell have?' 'What potential does this stem cell have?' Well, one way to think about is that upon this first division, this asymmetric division, this committed progenitor cell has lost some potential.
这个"潜能"和字面意思相同,定向祖细胞的潜能是什么,干细胞的潜能又是什么,一种看法就是在第一次分化时,即不对称分裂时,定向祖细胞失去了一些潜能
-
Or maybe I could donate bone marrow and those stem cells could be given to other people in the same way that blood can be given to other people by matching and making sure that immunologically my cells were compatible with you; there's a lot of interest in that.
或者我可以捐献骨髓,而那些干细胞,可以使用和输血同样的方法,通过配型来确认我的免疫细胞和你的匹配,从而把我的干细胞,输入给你,这里面有很多有趣的东西
-
So this stem cell division leads to another stem cell as well as a committed progenitor cell.
这种细胞分化不仅产生一个定向祖细胞,还会产生另一个干细胞
-
This pluripotent stem cell is able to self-renew and it's able - generating committed progenitors of either the myeloid or the lymphoid lineage.
这种多能干细胞能自我更新,也可以生成定向祖细胞,可以是髓系祖细胞或者淋巴祖细胞
-
The result is a cell that's very similar but it is - very similar to the progenitor cell but it's exactly the stem cell.
另一个结果就是产生一个,很像祖细胞的细胞,但却是如假包换的干细胞
-
Now, the differences here may be subtle in terms of chemical composition or if you put these cells under a microscope and looked at their analysis.
干细胞与祖细胞化学成分的区别,还非常微小,除非你把细胞放在显微镜下,或者看细胞分析报告
-
One reason it's been harder to identify stem cells is that they're so rare; the other reason is that it's hard to identify the characteristics of them and it's taken many years to work this out.
干细胞难以识别的原因之一是,这些细胞很少,另一个原因就是,干细胞的特征性蛋白难以识别,我们花了好多年去解决这个问题
-
The other pathway that I think is very promising is now to use stem cell generated cells in culture dishes to use them for high throughput drug screening now we can test thousands of different drugs without killing so many animals.
第二个目标的前景相当广阔,我们可以用干细胞,在培养皿中大量繁殖各种细胞,用于大剂量的药物试验,让你无需屠戮动物,就能进行各种药物试验。
-
Well, it would be useful because if I could take cells from the skin, find stem cells in the skin and then de-differentiate them so that they were now capable of becoming liver, or brain, or things that they're not going to become in their normal site, then that could be a very powerful tool for medicine.
这是因为,如果我能取一些皮肤细胞,找一些皮肤干细胞,并将它们去分化,那它们就能分化成肝脏,大脑或其他一些,它们原本分化不出来的细胞,这可以成为一个医学利器
-
Another stem cell called the lymphoid stem cell is capable of forming the B and T lymphocytes.
另一种干细胞称为淋巴干细胞,能够生成B细胞或者T细胞
应用推荐