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It has to have an origin of replication, which we talked about last time, which is compatible with the cells.
所以质粒必须带有复制起点,我们上次讲过,该起点要与受体细胞匹配
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In this case, it might be a piece of a virus that's replicating inside this cell.
在这种情况下,有可能是,病毒的一部分已经开始在这些细胞中复制
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Before B1 begins, you've got the body working, functioning, in its bodily way--respirating, reproducing the cells, and so forth and so on.
在B1之前,你的身体还在运作,正常运作,也就是机体上的呼吸,复制细胞,诸如此类
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One of the main things that we use cell culture or maintenance of cells outside the body for is to make more copies of cells.
我们培养细胞,或者体外维持细胞的重要步骤,就是复制更多的细胞
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So having a place that the cell knows - where the cell knows how to replicate is important and so plasmids have an origin of replication.
所以得有一个细胞能识别的区域,能使细胞知道,怎样来复制 这很重要,因此质粒上带有一个复制起点
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It indicates how information flows in cells and indicates a lot about the work that a cell does in maintaining and recreating itself, and maintaining its environment.
这个图展示了信息如何在细胞内传递,以及细胞,在维持 复制自身,和维持其周围环境所需起的作用
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When I talked about mitosis, I talked about cells making perfect copies of each other, so each parent cell becoming two daughter cells that are the same.
我讲有丝分裂的时候,谈到过细胞能够完美的复制自己,母细胞分裂成为,两个完全一样的子细胞
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Take a plasmid, cut it open, insert a gene that we want into the plasmid, and then put that plasmid in a host cell, and let the host replicate it.
取一个质粒,把它切开,把目标基因放进去,然后把这个质粒植入到宿主细胞,让宿主来进行复制
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It's time for you to reproduce', and so the cellular response would be mitosis.
该是复制的时候了",细胞就开始进行有丝分裂
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One of the properties that you would like a plasmid to have is you'd like for cells to be able to replicate it, to make more copies of it.
所以你所希望质粒具备的一个属性,就是得能让细胞复制它,制造出更多的拷贝
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Release of tens of thousands, hundreds of thousands of new virus particles from one individual cell such that the cell gets killed in the process of replicating the virus.
从一个独立的细胞中,释放出数以万计甚至,数以十万记的新病毒,这会使细胞就会在,病毒复制的过程中被杀死
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They enter the cell after recognizing, they fall apart inside the cell, they reproduce their DNA, or their genetic material using host mechanisms.
在识别细胞后侵入之,它们在细胞内解体,复制自身的DNA,利用宿主的遗传来机制复制自己的DNA
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That's synthesis and that has to happen in order for cells to replicate and cell replication is happening in your body all the time.
这个DNA合成过程是,细胞复制中不可或缺的部分,细胞复制时刻不停的在你身体里进行着
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that means that the cells have to be able to replicate the DNA on the plasmids, in order to make many more copies of it.
就是说这些细胞要能够,复制质粒上的DNA,以得到更多的拷贝
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We want not only for the cell to be able to synthesize the DNA, you want it to be able to express the protein off the DNA as well.
我们不仅希望细胞能复制DNA,还希望它能表达目标DNA所编码的蛋白
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Because HIV is an RNA virus and if it enters your cell the only way it can replicate, it can put its DNA into your cells, is by first making DNA out of its RNA genome.
因为HIV是RNA病毒,如果它进入你的细胞,它复制自己的唯一方式,它能把自己的DNA转入你的细胞,方法是先用自己的,RNA基因组制造出DNA
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That DNA gets replicated to make many more copies of the viral DNA using host mechanisms, that is, often using the DNA polymerase which is naturally present in the host cell for its own replication.
病毒DNA进行复制,通常是利用在宿主细胞自身的有关物质,利用宿主细胞中天然存在的,DNA聚合酶来大量复制病毒DNA
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