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They found that certain cells, in particular, epithelial cells from monkey kidneys, were very effective at propagating the virus.
他们发现有些细胞,尤其是在猴肾脏的上皮细胞中,这种病毒能够有效地增殖
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The cells would be basically little reactors for generating lots of virus so you could make lots of virus to study.
这些细胞会变成增殖反应堆,从而产生大量病毒,由此可以得到大量供研究的病毒
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This process of cell proliferation or cell division is, of course, very important during development of an embryo.
细胞增殖和分裂的过程,在胚胎发育中至关重要
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I just wanted to talk about one last concept and that has to do with cell proliferation.
我想说的最后一个概念,就是细胞增殖
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So, in general, when cells are proliferating they're dividing and they're dividing at a regular rate.
因此,大致而言,当细胞增殖时,它们是在分裂,并以受调控的频率分裂
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What I want you to remember now is that abundant cell proliferation takes place during development.
这节课我希望你能记住,发育过程中伴有大量的细胞增殖过程
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In fact, some cells are very different from the cells that are proliferating early in development.
事实上,某些细胞同发育早期所增殖的细胞,已经有天壤之别
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Not all the cells are dividing; in fact, cells in your brain don't proliferate at all.
不是所有细胞都能分裂,事实上,脑细胞根本不增殖
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They're fully functional organisms that can reproduce on their own, and they can start growing outside of any cell and that's what they do, they live extracellularly.
细菌可是麻雀虽小五脏俱全,它们能够凭借自身繁殖,可以在任意一个细胞外开始增殖,它们就是这样做的,在细胞外生长繁殖
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Some small subsets do but most of the cells in your brain don't proliferate and that's because they get trapped at one portion of the cell cycle.
除了很小一部分以外大部分脑细胞不增殖,这是因为,它们停滞于细胞周期的某个阶段
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If cells were actively proliferating, that is you had a population of cells that are actively proliferating, they would be going through continuous rounds of the cell cycle.
如果细胞处在活跃增殖状态,就是说有一定数量的,细胞具有增殖活性,它们就会连续地经历细胞周期的各个阶段
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Cell proliferation is a huge issue in cell culture.
细胞增殖是细胞培养中的重大课题
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Yeast cells were grown in large numbers with this plasmid inside, they expressed the plasmid and so you made Hepatitis B surface antigen not in people but in cell culture where it was not normally formed.
体内携带这种质粒的酵母细胞大量增殖,它们表达质粒,因此,乙型肝炎表面抗原不是在人体内,而是在细胞培养环境下,以非正常方式形成的
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The red blood cells that carry oxygen only live within your circulation for about a month and so you have to continually be replacing cells that are dying and so there are cells that are proliferating.
携带氧的红细胞,在你的循环系统中的寿命只有一个月,因此你必须持续不断地更新衰老的细胞,所以就有在增殖的细胞
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Now one of the new technologies that's evolving, that we're going to talk about in the last half of the course, is taking cells that have been propagated in this way outside the body and encouraging them to form new tissues.
现在,与此相关的新技术正在蓬勃发展,我们将在这学期的后半部分讨论到它,这项技术,让细胞在体外增殖,并促使它们形成新的组织
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That makes sense if you think about this process of cell multiplication, that I have one cell it becomes 2 cells in a minute, it could become 4 cells in another minute, it could become 8 cells in another minute and that's all that this set of equations is representing.
如果你和细胞增殖的过程联系起来的话,这个是说的通的,我有一个细胞在一分钟里变成了两个细胞,那就可以再花一分钟变成四个细胞,再花一分钟就变成八个细胞,这就是这个方程所代表的意义
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What happens when they're activated is they start to reproduce, they make more and more, and more B-cells.
激活后,免疫细胞开始增殖,B细胞变得越来越多
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They both proliferate, increase in number, and they differentiate; they differentiate from immature B-cells into antibody producing cells.
淋巴细胞将迅速增殖,数量大幅提高,同时发生分化,幼B淋巴细胞分化,形成能够分泌抗体的细胞
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The antigen has to be presented to helper T-cells, those helper T-cells have to stimulate a B-cell population to both proliferate and differentiate.
抗原需要被呈递给辅助性T细胞,这些辅助性T细胞需要激活B淋巴细胞,使其增殖和分化
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The antibody that they stimulate is antibody that's specific to this antigen that was presented earlier.
这些由辅助性T细胞,刺激增殖产生的抗体是,对应之前出现的抗原而产生的
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They become activated and they produce, eventually, mature cytotoxic T-cells in large numbers.
细胞毒性T细胞活化后,开始增殖,最终,产生大量成熟的细胞毒性T细胞
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In the case of the helper cells they stimulate a specific population of B-cells to mature into antibody producing cells, and that antibody is generated against the antigen that stimulated it.
以辅助性T细胞为例,辅助性T细胞刺激特定的B细胞,使这些细胞成长为抗体分泌细胞,抗体分泌细胞产生大量的抗体,以消灭大量增殖的抗原
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So, when the right signal is received, the right T-cell finds your host cell with a foreign virus in it, the first thing that happens is that this T-cell becomes activated and it starts reproducing, making more copies of itself.
所以 当接收到正确的信号,恰当的T细胞寻觅到,感染外源病毒的细胞时,首先发生的是,T细胞被激活并开始增殖,制造更多自身拷贝
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