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It's a mechanism that they have evolved in order to prevent foreign genes from entering a cell and being expressed.
它们进化出这种机制来,防止异源基因进入细胞并表达
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Retroviruses, for example, can only insert - can only transduce and express their DNA in cells that are dividing.
就以逆转录病毒为例,它们只能在分裂阶段的细胞里,转导并表达自己的基因
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It might be a plasmid that contains a promoter that works in lung cells and that has the cystic fibrosis gene.
这个质粒带有,可以在肺细胞表达的启动子和正常基因
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It leads to expression of new genes, production of new proteins, and a change in a behavior of the cell.
这导致新基因表达,新蛋白合成,细胞行为发生改变
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For example, a gene that makes a cell cancerous, I'd like to stop it from being expressed.
举例来说,如果某段基因导致细胞癌变,我就希望阻止它表达
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This is what makes cells different, the number and quantity of the genes that they express.
这就是细胞产生差异的原因,即表达的基因在数量和质量上的差异
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You would like to get the gene that you're interested in expressed in some population of cells within the body but not in other cells.
我们希望目的基因,在一些细胞中表达,在另一些中不表达
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There are multiple mechanisms that a cell can use to decide which genes it is expressing at any one time and which ones are not expressed.
在某一时刻,决定细胞中哪些基因表达,哪些基因不表达的机理十分复杂
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They can insert genes into non-dividing cells and cause those genes to be expressed.
它使基因导入没有分裂的细胞,并使其表达
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The second issue is that the gene vector, in this case the plasmid, has to be compatible with the cells that you're trying to express the gene in.
接下来的问题是如何选择合适的基因载体,在这里用到的,质粒,必须与要用来表达基因的,受体细胞匹配
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What you could do then, if you could deliver these red colored molecules here is you could stop specifically the expression of this particular gene in these particular cells.
接下来你能做的是,如果你能将这些红色的分子送到这里,就能够特异地阻止,特定细胞中特定基因的表达
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One way that that's done is by introducing genes into cancer cells, genes that aren't normally expressed in any mammalian cell, but that will cause the cancer cell to die.
已经成功应用的一种方法是,将基因导入癌细胞,而这种基因通常不在哺乳动物细胞中表达,但是可以导致癌细胞的死亡
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If you selected the cells right than the only ones that have that resistance to Ampicillin are the ones that successfully got your plasmid and are using this Ampicillin resistant gene.
如果你选对了细胞,那么对氨苄青霉素有抗性的就是,成功得到了质粒并表达了基因的细胞
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The difference the real difference is in what genes its expressing of the total number of genes in the human genome and therefore if it's expressing these unique this unique set of genes.
真正的不同之处是,在这些细胞中,表达的是人类全部基因中的不同基因,因此如果细胞表达的是,这组独特的基因
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Only certain genes are being expressed and it's the family of genes that are being expressed in a cell, likewise the family that are not being expressed, that determines what a cell is like, how it functions.
只有某些特定的基因在细胞中表达,那些在细胞中表达的基因,与那些没有表达的基因,共同决定了细胞的形态和功能
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Out of all the genes that are on the human genome which fraction is this particular cell using, which fraction is it expressing determines what proteins are present in the cell, determines what work or what activities the cell can engage in.
人类基因组全部基因中的,特定细胞所表达的基因片段,细胞表达的是哪段基因,决定了细胞中存在什么样的蛋白,决定了细胞会有什么样的功能,或者参与何种生命活动
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Taking foreign genes, genes that aren't naturally expressed or might not even exist inside a cell and putting them there and putting them there in a way where they work, and by work meaning the gene gets expressed or translated into a protein.
将异源基因,即那些在细胞中原本不表达或者,根本不存在的基因转入细胞并让它们工作,工作就是指让基因持续表达并合成蛋白质
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This is introducing a gene, it's a natural gene but it's not - it's a natural gene that's found in humans and is actually expressed all over your body in different levels, but you're concentrating it or over expressing it in one particular region of tissue in order to have a particular effect.
通过导入一个基因,这是一个天然基因但--,是一种于人体内发现的天然基因,在全身细胞中都有不同程度表达,但需要集中在组织的某一特定区域,表达或过表达,才能达到特定疗效
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It gets converted into a protein, insulin, only in those cells that are able to make the RNA that are able to express the protein.
只有在能表达,胰岛素蛋白RNA的细胞里,基因才能指导产生胰岛素
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There might be these, what are called epigenetic differences that I mentioned changes in the structure around DNA, and those changes lead to differences in which fraction of the total genes in the chromosomes are being expressed by a particular cell.
可能存在的差异,叫做表观遗传差异,我之前说过的DNA结构上的变化,而这些变化导致,在特定细胞中,染色体组的全部基因中,只有一部分表达出来
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And you could interfere with a translation by degrading messenger RNA, for example. If you had a way to specifically chew up all the RNA molecules that are responsible for making a particular protein, you could stop it from being expressed even though your cell is trying to make it.
而你就可以通过,降解其mRNA来进行干扰,再举个例子,如果你能把表达特定蛋白的RNA,统统揪出来捣毁的话,你也能阻止这段基因表达,哪怕是你的细胞在努力表达这段基因
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