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It's a mechanism that they have evolved in order to prevent foreign genes from entering a cell and being expressed.
它们进化出这种机制来,防止异源基因进入细胞并表达
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Retroviruses, for example, can only insert - can only transduce and express their DNA in cells that are dividing.
就以逆转录病毒为例,它们只能在分裂阶段的细胞里,转导并表达自己的基因
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A pancreas--cell in the pancreas, for example, needs to make insulin and so the gene for insulin is transcribed.
举个例子,一个胰腺细胞,要分泌胰岛素,那么编码胰岛素蛋白的基因就会被转录
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It might be a plasmid that contains a promoter that works in lung cells and that has the cystic fibrosis gene.
这个质粒带有,可以在肺细胞表达的启动子和正常基因
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The problem is the same, how do I get the gene that I want into only the cells that I want?
同样的问题又来了,怎样准确地,把目的基因只导入特定细胞呢
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It leads to expression of new genes, production of new proteins, and a change in a behavior of the cell.
这导致新基因表达,新蛋白合成,细胞行为发生改变
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It was a gene that was causing a cell to be malignant and to divide without control, for example.
例如,一个会使细胞恶化,并不受控制地无限分裂的基因
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Here, the problem is solved by injecting it directly into the cell, shown here, and then that's one issue with gene delivery.
现在,这个问题已经通过,将其直接注入细胞的方法解决了,图上这里,这只解决了基因输送的一个问题
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Has only half of the diploid chromosomal content that most of the cells, which are called somatic cells in our body have.
卵子中只含有我们机体一半的染色体,二倍体基因组中一半的染色体,这些二倍体细胞称为体细胞
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Now, in other cases you might want to introduce a gene that's not even normally present in people.
但另外一些情况还需要导入,人类细胞中原来没有的基因
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You could potentially treat cystic fibrosis by providing the correct gene and providing it to all the cells of the lung epithelium.
一种可能的治愈方法是,把正确的基因,导入所有肺上皮细胞
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For example, a gene that makes a cell cancerous, I'd like to stop it from being expressed.
举例来说,如果某段基因导致细胞癌变,我就希望阻止它表达
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This is what makes cells different, the number and quantity of the genes that they express.
这就是细胞产生差异的原因,即表达的基因在数量和质量上的差异
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This example here, the idea is to introduce a gene into tumor cells of a tumor.
这里的这个例子思路是,将一个基因导入肿瘤组织的肿瘤细胞中
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You're not fishing through a whole chromosome in order to find what you want, but you're going to a cell that's already enriched in it.
你不是大海捞针地,在一整个染色体中找基因,而是在一个充满了,你感兴趣的基因的细胞里找
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You would like to get the gene that you're interested in expressed in some population of cells within the body but not in other cells.
我们希望目的基因,在一些细胞中表达,在另一些中不表达
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Basically, you're introducing this gene into cells that when you give the right inactive drug that will cause the cell to make chemicals that kill it.
概括来说,当你把这个自杀基因导入,含有特定未激活药物的细胞时,二者作用就使细胞生成了,可以杀死自己的化合物
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It does that through a complex set of sort of cellular interactions, and it turns out also gene rearrangements if you go further to study that.
而这此过程中,发生了一系列复杂的细胞间的相互作用,也会涉及到基因重排,如果你们深入学习的话就会学到
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There are multiple mechanisms that a cell can use to decide which genes it is expressing at any one time and which ones are not expressed.
在某一时刻,决定细胞中哪些基因表达,哪些基因不表达的机理十分复杂
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They can insert genes into non-dividing cells and cause those genes to be expressed.
它使基因导入没有分裂的细胞,并使其表达
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It's a gene that's on the plasmid, and this particular gene confers a specific biological property to cells that have the plasmid and can use it properly.
它是质粒自带的基因,如果细胞能够获得这种质粒,并正确的利用它的话,这段基因就能赋予该细胞某种生物学特性
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What if this is a gene that's causing a cell to be cancerous?
但假如是个能导致细胞癌变的基因呢
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All the cells in your body have the gene for insulin in them.
所有人体细胞都有胰岛素基因
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If a cell has a gene that makes it resistant to Ampicillin, that means that that micro-organism can survive being exposed to this normally deadly chemical without dying.
如果细胞带有一种基因,能够让它对氨苄青霉素产生抗性,即使把它放在,有致死剂量化学物质的环境中,它也能存活下来
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The second issue is that the gene vector, in this case the plasmid, has to be compatible with the cells that you're trying to express the gene in.
接下来的问题是如何选择合适的基因载体,在这里用到的,质粒,必须与要用来表达基因的,受体细胞匹配
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To get genes and gene transfer vectors into cells is a problem.
把基因和基因转移载体导入细胞很成问题
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What you could do then, if you could deliver these red colored molecules here is you could stop specifically the expression of this particular gene in these particular cells.
接下来你能做的是,如果你能将这些红色的分子送到这里,就能够特异地阻止,特定细胞中特定基因的表达
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To make insulin, for example, your cells of your pancreas have to be transcribing that gene, it has to be processed, has to be translated into the protein insulin.
举例来说,如果要合成胰岛素,你的胰腺细胞必须先转录那一段基因,然后进行加工,继而翻译成为胰岛素蛋白
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Well, now, how would you get the gene into the cells?
那么如何将基因导入细胞呢
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One way that that's done is by introducing genes into cancer cells, genes that aren't normally expressed in any mammalian cell, but that will cause the cancer cell to die.
已经成功应用的一种方法是,将基因导入癌细胞,而这种基因通常不在哺乳动物细胞中表达,但是可以导致癌细胞的死亡
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