What's a physical mechanism that could lead to differences between these two cells at this very early stage of development?

什么样的生理机制导致细胞,在发育伊始就产生这些差异

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These are cells that I that were obtained either from a more developed embryo, past the blastocyst stage.

这些细胞是我从,发育的更成熟的一些胚胎中提取的,这些胚胎已经过了囊胚期了

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One experiment a post doc of mine did was he took these cells and injected them back in to the ear into the otic vesicle at the stage where we think the cells are in development.

我的一位博士后做了一个实验,他提取出这些细胞,然后注射到,处于发育阶段的,耳部泡囊中。

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This process of cell proliferation or cell division is, of course, very important during development of an embryo.

细胞增殖和分裂的过程,在胚胎发育中至关重要

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What I want you to remember now is that abundant cell proliferation takes place during development.

这节课我希望你能记住,发育过程中伴有大量的细胞增殖过程

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In fact, some cells are very different from the cells that are proliferating early in development.

事实上,某些细胞同发育早期所增殖的细胞,已经有天壤之别

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Humans are collections of cells, all cells are the same in important ways, but cells acquire differences during development, and so we are collections of billions of cells.

人类是一个细胞的集合,细胞在关键方面都是一致的,但在发育中细胞获得了不同的特点,而我们是一个数以十亿计的细胞的集合

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This inner cell mass develops into the embryo, which this here shown at a later stage is beginning to be clear that it's becoming an organism that looks like us.

内细胞群发育成为胎儿,这张图这是一个相对晚期的阶段,能越来越清晰地观察到,这团东西开始有个人形了

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As division happens and the developing organism acquires more and more cells, individual cells become differentiated, they become more and more like their final mature form.

分裂过程不断发生,以及发育中的有机体对更多细胞的需求,细胞个体便逐渐分化,它们越来越接近成熟细胞的样子

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During development of the embryo it goes from being a single cell, the fertilized egg, to being a multi-cellular organism with billions of cells in it.

胚胎的发育,始于一个单一细胞,即受精卵,直到形成一个以十亿计数量的细胞构成的,多细胞有机体

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This is one of the kinds of differences that develop that happens during development and cells somehow know where they are within this developing asymmetrical organism.

这是发育过程中,发生的一种变化,而且细胞似乎知道它们,在这个非对称发育生物体中的位置

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So it stimulates these myeloid cells to develop along this pathway.

它就是在髓细胞的发育过程中,发挥刺激生成作用的

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The other one is a committed progenitor cell that now somehow has been changed in such a way that it's going to mature and develop into non-stem cells or the cells that make up our bodies, somatic cells.

而另一个子细胞就通过某种变化,成了定向的祖细胞,并将成熟和发育为非干细胞的细胞,就是构成我们身体的细胞,体细胞

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Now I isolated these cells maybe from the head region of the embryo, the region that's going to develop into the brain, so that would be a good place to look if you wanted cells that were going to develop into the brain.

现在我可以从胚胎的头部,分离这些细胞,从就要发育成为大脑的这些部位,这是取得你需要的细胞的绝佳位置,如果你想要发育成大脑的细胞的话

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Now, these Th-cells, helper T-cells, go on to stimulate B-cells, and it's these B-cells that become the mature antibody producing cells that make quantities of antibody that fill up in your body.

这些辅助性T细胞,进一步刺激B淋巴细胞,从而使这些B淋巴细胞,逐渐发育成成熟的抗体生成细胞,可在体内产生大量抗体

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All of the cells that are reproduced during development are the same in certain ways, they contain the same DNA, they're all progeny of the same fertilized egg, but differences are acquired within specific cell populations during the process of development.

所有在发育过程中繁殖的细胞,在某些方面都是一样的,它们都有相同的DNA,都是同一个受精卵的后代,但是分化是在特定细胞类群,发育过程中必不可少的

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