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That there are other molecules in the lipid bilayer and they're important for cells getting information or getting molecules from outside.
还有一些其它分子在这个脂质双分子层上,它们对于细胞接收信息,和接受外来分子十分重要
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These proteins have functions that are essential for life of the cell, they transport molecules back and forth across the membrane.
这些蛋白所起的功能,对于细胞生存至关重要,它们负责转运分子通过细胞膜进出细胞
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As he writes, The Astonishing Hypothesis is that: You, your joys and your sorrows, your memories and your ambitions, your sense of personal identity and free will are in fact no more than the behavior of a vast assembly of nerve cells and their associated molecules.
正如他在其著作《惊人的假说》中写到,你,你的喜悦,悲伤,回忆,抱负,你对人格同一性的感知,你的自由意志,事实上,这一切都不过,是大量神经细胞集,与其缔合分子的生理反应而已
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It can't enter cells because it's too big and it's too water soluble so it can't go through cell membranes.
它的分子太大了所以无法进入细胞,而且还是水溶性的,所以它也无法穿过细胞膜
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They often involve the generation of what are called 'second messenger' molecules which carry the signal further into the cell.
过程中通常会生成一种叫做,第二信使的分子,将信号更深入地传递至细胞内部
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It's very water soluble and it's a big molecule, a very big molecule; it can't naturally get inside cells on its own.
它是一个水溶性极强的大分子,非常非常大的分子,质粒在自然状态下并不能自己进入细胞
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It does so because there are some molecules in the surface of the membrane that allow glucose to move in and out.
而这个过程的完成依赖于,膜表面存在的一些分子,这些分子能够将葡萄糖运进或者运出细胞
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When they bind, they produce some change in the receptor molecule which is experienced inside the cell.
当它们结合后,会使受体分子发生改变,这个过程发生在细胞内部
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Depending on which cell you are you would call one the 'receptor' and the other the 'ligand'.
这取决于你将哪种细胞上的分子,称为受体,哪种称为配体
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If a cell membrane was indeed just a lipid bilayer, then glucose could never enter the cell because it can't permeate through cell membranes.
如果细胞膜只是一个脂质双分子层的话,葡萄糖就不可能进入细胞,因为它不能渗透过细胞膜
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It's these cells that are sitting at the surface here that are responsible for determining what becomes part of us and what stays outside.
位于肠道表面的细胞,决定了,吸收哪些分子而排出哪些分子
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Because of that, if I eat something that's rich in glucose, so it has lots of sugar molecules, the sugar molecules can't pass between the cells.
因此,如果我吃了富含葡萄糖的食物,尽管其含有很多的糖分子,但糖分子不能从细胞间通过
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Here, there are receptors on one cell and the ligand that they experience is not a dissolved molecule, but actually a molecule that's attached to another cell.
这个细胞上有许多受体,与之结合的配体并非是可溶性分子,而是一个附着在其他细胞上的分子
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This is a new concept, receptors don't have to be these molecules on cell surface, there can be receptors that exist in other places within the cell.
这是一个新概念,受体分子不一定只存在于细胞表面,它们也可以存在于细胞内其它地方
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So, it doesn't need to bind to a receptor on the surface of the cell in order to work because the molecule can actually enter the cell directly.
所以无需与细胞表面受体相结合来起效,因为这些分子能直接进入细胞
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It could be that that signal is 'you need more glucose', and so the cellular response is to create more glucose transporters to bring more glucose into the cell.
这信号还可能是,"需要更多葡萄糖",细胞的反馈就是,产生更多的葡萄糖载体,将更多的糖分子输送进细胞
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Now, one of the advantages of having second messengers is this is one way that you can integrate between different receptor systems that are acting inside a cell.
使用第二信使分子的好处在于,它能够将,作用于细胞内部不同的,受体系统结合起来
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What you could do then, if you could deliver these red colored molecules here is you could stop specifically the expression of this particular gene in these particular cells.
接下来你能做的是,如果你能将这些红色的分子送到这里,就能够特异地阻止,特定细胞中特定基因的表达
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Because of that they're barriers, they separate the inside of the cell from the outside of a cell, and only certain kinds of molecules can pass through a cell membrane.
因为它们的屏障作用,将细胞内外区隔开来,只有特定的,某些分子才能穿过细胞膜
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Eventually what happens is that glucose transport molecules which are expressed and stored inside the cell get shuttled up to the surface, so the cells permeability to glucose goes up and more glucose can come in.
最终的结果是那些已经表达,并储存于细胞中的能够运输糖的载体分子,穿梭到细胞表面,这样细胞对糖的透过性提高,更多糖分子进入到细胞内部
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It's the way, for example, that foreign molecules or antigens get presented to cells of your immune system in order to start the process of making an immune response, so sometimes a cell/cell interaction.
通过这种方式,外源分子,或者说抗原,进入到免疫系统的细胞中后,就会开启免疫反应过程,有时候就是细胞之间的相互作用
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Because these molecules can span across the membrane from outside to inside, they're in just the right position to take messages that they receive from outside the cell and transmit them through the membrane into the cells internal apparatus, and that's what they do.
因为这些分子能穿过细胞膜,连通细胞内外,它们所在的位置非常适于接受信息,它们能将外界获得的信息,通过细胞膜传递给细胞器,这正是它们的功能
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In fact, we'll talk about that concept throughout the course because one of the big challenges of making these sort of new biological therapies work in people to treat diseases is getting the right molecules into the right cells, at the right period of time.
实际上,我们会讲到一个,贯穿这门课程的概念,因为为了治疗疾病,而采用的新型生物学疗法,所面临的一个大问题就是,如何将正确的分子在适当的时候,转进正确的细胞当中
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It turns out that getting large molecules like this, particularly large charged molecules like nucleic acids, inside of cells is not so easy.
后来证实,将这样的大分子物质,尤其是像核酸这样带有大量电荷的分子,送入细胞不是一件容易的事
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They're not responsible necessarily for moving molecules inside and out, but they sit at the outside of the cell and they wait for signals.
它们不负责将分子运进运出,而是冲着细胞外面坐等信号
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An example is production of certain molecules called cytokines by T-cells that activate themselves.
细胞能分泌这类叫做细胞因子的分子,实现自激活
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In general, inside of a cell molecules move by a process called diffusion.
总的来说,细胞内的分子通过扩散作用来移动
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Many neurotransmitters that carry signals between neurons in your brain work this way.
在脑部神经元细胞中,传递信号的神经递质分子的,作用原理就是如此
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We can even understand it on a molecular or cellular level now.
如今我们已经能从,分子和细胞水平对机体进行研究
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It refers to usually 'receptors' that are fixed in a cell, on a cell membrane, and 'ligands' which are dispersed throughout the body and free to diffuse around, and occasionally will find the cell.
受体这个词通常代表了,固定于细胞表面的分子,而配体分散于体内各处,能够自由扩散,它们偶尔会与细胞邂逅
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