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In fact, of all the systems of cellular differentiation that are known in our bodies, probably hematopoiesis is the best known.
事实上,我们体内已知的,所有由细胞分化成的系统中,造血系统也许是最为人所熟知的
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A capability for asymmetric division and the production of cells that become differentiating more mature cells, those are properties of stem cells.
能够完成不对称分裂,以及产生细胞,并分化成为一些更成熟的细胞,这些是干细胞的性质
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Embryonic stem cells can give rise to every cell type in the body.
能分化出人体中,各种类型的细胞。
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They're ready to rapidly differentiate into antibody producing cells and they're waiting for that second signal to come.
并可以迅速分化为,抗体分泌细胞,记忆细胞在等待第二次信号的到来
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Some of those differences in cells are obvious if you look at the cells in an adult organism.
你留心观察某个成年的生物,就会发现某些细胞分化极其明显
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Pluripotent stem cells that are capable of self-renewal to generate themselves and are capable of dividing into both bioloid and lymphoid progenitor cells.
多能干细胞,是能够通过自我更新进行自我生成的细胞,也能分化成髓系祖细胞,或者淋巴祖细胞
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One example of a very different cell is a red cell or red blood cell, these are the cells that give blood it's red color.
举个高度分化细胞的例子,红细胞,或称血红细胞,它们赋予了血液鲜红的色彩
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They're not quite as potent as the cells from earlier because they've now differentiated somewhat.
它们不如早些的细胞有那样多的潜能,因为它们已经分化到一定程度了
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It happens through a very regulated, coordinated slow process of what is called differentiation.
这是通过一种严格协调调控的过程完成的,这个过程我们称为细胞分化
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Cells move from a state of limited differentiation to a state of more differentiation.
细胞从一个有限的分化状态,进入一个更深层次的分化状态
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As division happens and the developing organism acquires more and more cells, individual cells become differentiated, they become more and more like their final mature form.
分裂过程不断发生,以及发育中的有机体对更多细胞的需求,细胞个体便逐渐分化,它们越来越接近成熟细胞的样子
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In that process, cells become different in ways that appear to be highly organized.
这个过程中,细胞通过某种高度有序的方式进行分化
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So, reproduction, proliferation, cell growth happens and then those cells become more differentiated.
所以 繁殖 扩增 细胞开始生长,然后这些细胞开始分化
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The general word for that process of making differences between cells is differentiation.
一言以蔽之,细胞之间产生差异的过程称为分化
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How we could take cells that are differentiated to some extent and make them de-differentiate, to go back in the process of differentiation so that they gain more potential.
我们如何把一些已经分化到,一定程度的细胞去分化,使其回到分化之前,重新获得更多的潜能
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The zygote or this fertilized egg is a completely undifferentiated cell.
受精卵,或者说已受精的卵子,是一个完全未分化的细胞
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These signaling proteins play important roles in determining how many cells differentiate down particular pathways and they turn out also to be very useful for treating diseases of those pathways.
这些信号蛋白在决定特定分化路径上,有多少细胞在分化时起着重要作用,且在治疗疾病方面也很有用,同样也是利用这些机制
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It goes - going through this process of amplifying divisions, every division increasing the number of cells by a factor of two and these cells becoming more differentiated around the way.
它经历了一系列扩增性的分裂过程,每次分化,细胞数目都翻一番,而在此过程中细胞分化得更成熟
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Red blood cells are terminally differentiated cells.
血红细胞是一种终末分化细胞
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Many of the cell types are missing.
许多其它类型的细胞也难以分化出来。
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So this stem cell division leads to another stem cell as well as a committed progenitor cell.
这种细胞分化不仅产生一个定向祖细胞,还会产生另一个干细胞
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The cells of this surrounding sheet have become different in some way and they develop into the placenta and the extra embryonic tissues.
环抱在周围的这一层细胞,已经开始逐渐分化,最终成为胎盘,及额外的胚胎组织
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So far our ability to de-differentiate cells or find out how to do that is limited.
迄今为止,我们令细胞去分化的能力,和技术方法还相当有限
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That's just an example of a cell that in its very mature or differentiated form is quite different from other cells inside the body.
以上就是一个,分化成熟的细胞,区别于体内其它细胞的范例
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These are cells that recognize a particular antigen, they're ready to differentiate into antibody.
这些记忆细胞可识别相应的抗原,它们已经准备好分化产生抗体
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When they become more like the liver, they differentiate into liver cells.
当细胞变得越来越像肝细胞的时候,我们就称其为分化成了肝细胞
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So there's a loss of potential in this division.
因此,在分化中祖细胞损失了些潜能
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Now, you'll hear reports in the literature, you'll look in the newspaper, you'll hear about scientists that have found ways to trans-differentiate cells, that is move them from one pathway to the other.
如今,你通过听文献讲座,看报纸,会听说科学家们已经发现了,转分化细胞的方法,即把这些细胞从一种分化途径转到另一种
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That process of maturation is called differentiation.
这种细胞成熟的过程称为分化
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Cell division takes place within an organism.
细胞分化发生在有机体中
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