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They often involve the generation of what are called 'second messenger' molecules which carry the signal further into the cell.
过程中通常会生成一种叫做,第二信使的分子,将信号更深入地传递至细胞内部
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It's really just the result of the virus dividing within cells of your skin, and producing a lot of dead cells.
这便是病毒在皮肤细胞内部,分裂的结果,这个过程会产生大量的死亡细胞
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So the influx of ions from the outside of the cell to the inside of And you can think of ion channels as being gated, by gated it means the gate can be closed and no ions are going through, as in this case here.
下面以离子从细胞外部流入内部,你可以把离子通道想象成是有闸门的，也就是说闸门可以关上,这时没有离子能通过，就像这种情况。
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They sit deep within our brain and are enclosed by a dense bone.
这种细胞由骨密质包裹着,位于大脑的内部。
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Many steroid hormones act because they bind to cellulars - to receptors that are deep within the cell, often inside the nucleus.
许多类固醇激素能够起效是因为,其与存在于细胞内部的受体相结合,这类受体通常在细胞核内
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The cell is going to experience something different inside because both receptors were activated instead of just one.
细胞内部将经历不同的生理过程,因为是两种受体被激活而不是一种
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When they bind, they produce some change in the receptor molecule which is experienced inside the cell.
当它们结合后,会使受体分子发生改变,这个过程发生在细胞内部
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When estrogen is present it can enter cells in the vicinity and it can bind to receptors that are deep inside cells.
雌激素能够进入到邻近的细胞中,并能够与细胞内部的受体相结合
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Then there's a part that's inside the cell sticking down into the cell cytoplasm.
然后还有部分穿过质膜,进入细胞内部,与细胞质相接触
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Much of the work that pharmaceutical companies do in terms of searching for drugs is searching for new ligands that activate receptors and create biological responses inside cells.
很多制药公司新药筛选工作的主要内容,就是寻找能够激活受体的,新型配体,并在细胞内部产生某种生物学效应
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Now, one of the advantages of having second messengers is this is one way that you can integrate between different receptor systems that are acting inside a cell.
使用第二信使分子的好处在于,它能够将,作用于细胞内部不同的,受体系统结合起来
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When it does it makes biochemical changes inside the cells and one of the things it does is increase glucose uptake into certain kinds of cells, particularly fat cells and muscle cells.
这导致细胞内部发生生物化学变化,其中的一个变化是,某些细胞开始增加对糖分的摄取,尤其是脂肪细胞和肌细胞
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Eventually what happens is that glucose transport molecules which are expressed and stored inside the cell get shuttled up to the surface, so the cells permeability to glucose goes up and more glucose can come in.
最终的结果是那些已经表达,并储存于细胞中的能够运输糖的载体分子,穿梭到细胞表面,这样细胞对糖的透过性提高,更多糖分子进入到细胞内部
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Well, one because you're not taking anymore glucose in, but the other because when you did eat glucose you got more insulin and the glucose got shuttled into cells where it's either used or stored.
一个是因为你没有再摄入更多的糖分,另一个原因就是,当你摄入糖时,胰岛素分泌增加,糖被转运到细胞内部,要么被用掉要么被储存
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A small molecule gets produced by cells in one part of the body, circulates in the blood, estrogen enters cells, and sometimes that estrogen is able to penetrate deep within the cell, even into the nucleus.
雌激素是由身体某部分细胞分泌的,随着血液循环进入细胞,有时雌激素能够进入到细胞内部,甚至进入到细胞核内
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On the side over here shows a cell membrane and so this is outside the cell above it, and this is inside the cell below, and this is the lipid bilayer that separates the outside of the cell from the inside of the cell.
这边这个表示细胞膜,它的上面代表细胞外部,下面代表细胞内部,这个是脂质双分子层,将细胞内外分开
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Insulin, the ligand binds to its receptor, creates a change through a kinase activity that's exposed, which leads to other biochemical changes, which leads to a change in cell behavior - in this case the cell behavior is that more glucose transporters are brought to the membrane and more glucose can enter the cell.
胰岛素,一种能够与受体结合的配体,通过其暴露出的激酶活性引起的变化,导致了其它后续生化变化的发生,进而使细胞行为发生改变,这个例子中的细胞行为就是,更多的糖载体被带到细胞膜表面,这样更多的糖分子进入到细胞内部
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