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They're everywhere in cells throughout your body and they are responsible for lots of the biochemistry of cell/cell interaction and signaling.
它们在身体各处的细胞中都有,并负责很多细胞间的相互作用,及信号转导的生化过程
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Often that signal gets amplified so it can be used, same thing happens inside cells and there's some output that's generated.
通常这些信号要放大后才会产生作用,诱发细胞内发生一些变化,并产生某种输出信号
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And what they do is they regulate the influx of ions across that cell.
它们的作用,是调节离子流入细胞的流量。
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When they do find the cell they're capable of interacting with the receptor forming some kind of chemical interaction with the receptor.
但当它们遇到细胞时,就能够与受体相互作用,与受体发生化学反应
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So, it interacts with receptors called insulin receptors that are on cells that are sensitive to insulin.
它与细胞表面胰岛素受体相互作用,这些细胞对胰岛素很敏感
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An example of that is, of course, insulin which is produced by cells of the pancreas and acts on cells all over the body.
这种信号传递的例子,就是胰脏细胞产生的胰岛素,作用于全身各处的细胞
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Then maybe those new cells you put in would function as a totally natural artificial pancreas.
那些新植入的细胞可能会起到,与健康个体的胰腺细胞相同的作用
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Remember that these cells are relatively large compared to bacteria and so diffusion doesn't occur very quickly over this length scale.
要知道这些细胞相对细菌而言,还是比较大的,扩散作用在这种尺度上,发生得不是那么快
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Diffusion mixes things very well, but as the size gets bigger, diffusion becomes very slow.
扩散作用使物质充分混合,但随着细胞变大后,扩散作用就捉襟见肘了
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And this is what's characteristic of smallpox, is that as the virus spreads through your body, it particularly, it particularly affects cells of your skin.
这是天花的特征,当病毒传遍全身时,它特别的,特别地作用于皮肤细胞
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One of the important functions of a fibroblast is to allow for healing of wounds.
成纤维细胞的一个重要作用,就是愈合伤口
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Basically, you're introducing this gene into cells that when you give the right inactive drug that will cause the cell to make chemicals that kill it.
概括来说,当你把这个自杀基因导入,含有特定未激活药物的细胞时,二者作用就使细胞生成了,可以杀死自己的化合物
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It does that through a complex set of sort of cellular interactions, and it turns out also gene rearrangements if you go further to study that.
而这此过程中,发生了一系列复杂的细胞间的相互作用,也会涉及到基因重排,如果你们深入学习的话就会学到
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But skin cells and brain cells and pancreas cells aren't doing the same things.
但皮肤细胞,脑细胞和胰腺细胞,却发挥着完全不同的作用
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and if you design a drug that blocks estrogen interaction you stop growth.
如果能够设计一种药物阻断雌激素的作用,就能阻止细胞生长
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In general, inside of a cell molecules move by a process called diffusion.
总的来说,细胞内的分子通过扩散作用来移动
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Many neurotransmitters that carry signals between neurons in your brain work this way.
在脑部神经元细胞中,传递信号的神经递质分子的,作用原理就是如此
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Now, one of the advantages of having second messengers is this is one way that you can integrate between different receptor systems that are acting inside a cell.
使用第二信使分子的好处在于,它能够将,作用于细胞内部不同的,受体系统结合起来
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Some form what are called megakaryocytes which become platelets, which are responsible for clotting, for forming a barrier if your circulatory system gets injured so you don't bleed.
还有一些类型的细胞称为巨核细胞,生成有凝血作用的血小板,在你的循环系统受损时形成止血屏障
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These signaling proteins play important roles in determining how many cells differentiate down particular pathways and they turn out also to be very useful for treating diseases of those pathways.
这些信号蛋白在决定特定分化路径上,有多少细胞在分化时起着重要作用,且在治疗疾病方面也很有用,同样也是利用这些机制
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So it stimulates these myeloid cells to develop along this pathway.
它就是在髓细胞的发育过程中,发挥刺激生成作用的
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Because of that they're barriers, they separate the inside of the cell from the outside of a cell, and only certain kinds of molecules can pass through a cell membrane.
因为它们的屏障作用,将细胞内外区隔开来,只有特定的,某些分子才能穿过细胞膜
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That infection occurs because of a ligand receptor interaction on the cell surface where the virus itself is the ligand and it takes advantage of a receptor that's expressed on the cell surface.
感染的发生是由于,配体与细胞表面受体相互作用,病毒是配体,它利用了在,细胞表面表达的受体
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It's the way, for example, that foreign molecules or antigens get presented to cells of your immune system in order to start the process of making an immune response, so sometimes a cell/cell interaction.
通过这种方式,外源分子,或者说抗原,进入到免疫系统的细胞中后,就会开启免疫反应过程,有时候就是细胞之间的相互作用
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What's the effect? Cell killing.
什么作用呢 杀死致病细胞的作用
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There are 100 of these molecules, when a receptor gets activated a kinase activity gets activated, the kinase acts on the protein, the protein gets switched on, something new starts to happen inside the cell.
有一百个这样的分子,当受体被激活,激酶被激活后,激酶作用于蛋白,使蛋白活化,细胞中就会发生一些新变化
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The main effector cells in cell mediated immunity, the cells that do the main business are called T-cells.
细胞免疫中的主要效应细胞,即发挥主要作用的细胞是T细胞
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Erythropoietin, commonly called Epo and its function is to treat anemia because it stimulates blood cell production.
促红细胞素生成素,通常简称为EPO,它的作用是刺激红细胞生成,从而能够治疗贫血
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The other thing that it does is that when a virus is inside these cells making its proteins, some of those proteins get processed or digested into small fragments that are themselves antigens.
HC的另一项作用是,当病毒在细胞内表达蛋白时,一些蛋白被加工,或者,分解成小片段而成为抗原
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