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They often involve the generation of what are called 'second messenger' molecules which carry the signal further into the cell.
过程中通常会生成一种叫做,第二信使的分子,将信号更深入地传递至细胞内部
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This is a signal - this passing of phosphorous - is a signal that's used very frequently in intracellular communication.
这是一种信号,一种通过磷酸来传递的信号,这种信号在细胞内通讯时经常被用到
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Now, in the heart action potential is moving from one heart muscle cell to another over the surface of the heart.
心脏中的动作电位,沿相邻心肌细胞在心脏表面传递
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That's what's illustrated here with the end result being that there's some change in the life of the cell.
这里显示的是,在信号放大传递后,细胞内发生的变化
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That just allows information to move more quickly from one end of the cell to the other.
鞘磷脂使信息更快地,从细胞一端传递到另一端
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An example of that is, of course, insulin which is produced by cells of the pancreas and acts on cells all over the body.
这种信号传递的例子,就是胰脏细胞产生的胰岛素,作用于全身各处的细胞
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In the brain, action potentials are moving down processes, down a single cell process for example.
在大脑中 动作电位沿突起传递,比如说沿着一条单独的细胞突起吧
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Then that information - that integrated information is passed onto another cell through the axon.
然后信息 - 整合好的信息,通过轴突传递给下一个细胞
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It indicates how information flows in cells and indicates a lot about the work that a cell does in maintaining and recreating itself, and maintaining its environment.
这个图展示了信息如何在细胞内传递,以及细胞,在维持 复制自身,和维持其周围环境所需起的作用
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Many neurotransmitters that carry signals between neurons in your brain work this way.
在脑部神经元细胞中,传递信号的神经递质分子的,作用原理就是如此
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How do cells pass the signal from themselves to the next cell?
细胞怎样将信号传递给下一个细胞
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It doesn't work that way for a variety of reasons, but the main reason is that you want some decisions to be made at each space between two cells.
这出于很多原因,但主要的原因是,在每个细胞间隙,都需要决定信息是否继续传递
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If you hear about signal transduction in biology, people that study signal transduction are studying just these things we talked about, how biochemical messages get transferred into cells and through cells.
如果你在生物学领域听到信号转导这个词,那么研究信号转导的人就是,在研究我刚才讲过的那些东西,生化信息如何传入细胞并传递至细胞各处
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So action potentials are used by tissues in different ways to send signals from one cell to another or from one end of one cell to another end of the cell.
所以组织以不同的方式利用动作电位,将信号从一个细胞传递到另一个细胞,或从一个神经末梢到另一个神经末梢
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Sometimes signals are transmitted between cells by cell/cell contact.
有时细胞与细胞靠互相接触进行信号传递
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In the heart it turns out that the cells of the heart are electrically coupled together, so if an action potential moves down this cell it directly moves into the next cell.
在心脏中,事实证明,心脏细胞是电偶联的,所以如果动作电位在一个细胞中传递,那么直接就能传递给下个细胞
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The cells that take an electrical signal, which is coming down your nerve and convert it into a muscle contraction work this way, so 'neuro' nerve, muscle junctions act based on ligand-gated ion channels.
依靠相同的工作原理,细胞将来自于神经的,电信号传递到细胞收缩肌中,所以神经和肌肉关节运动,都基于配体门控离子通道
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The way that they communicate with each other is by physically touching each other, and the way that they connect across distances is by having these process that extend from one place to another.
它们通过物理接触,来交换信息,神经之所以能跨距离传递信息,就是靠细胞间互相延伸的突起
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Well, the mechanism that the cell uses to transmit information along itself, along this process which goes from my brain to my fingers, for example, is through an electrical signal called an action potential.
神经细胞沿突起,将信息从我的大脑传递到,手指的机制是,举例来说,是通过一种称为动作电位的电信号的作用
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So, there's a continuum of electrical connection in the heart that allows an action potential to sweep across the surface of the heart and for the heart to beat in a coordinated fashion.
所以 心脏细胞有电偶联的连结组织,以使动作电位平稳在细胞表面传递,保证心脏的协调性跳动
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We're going to talk in some detail, not a very high level of detail, but in some detail about how this communication takes place between cells and how the information is passed down one of these cells today.
我们还要讨论些细节问题,但不是太深,今天只讲细胞间通讯的发生原理,和信息怎样从一个细胞传递到另一个细胞
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Because these molecules can span across the membrane from outside to inside, they're in just the right position to take messages that they receive from outside the cell and transmit them through the membrane into the cells internal apparatus, and that's what they do.
因为这些分子能穿过细胞膜,连通细胞内外,它们所在的位置非常适于接受信息,它们能将外界获得的信息,通过细胞膜传递给细胞器,这正是它们的功能
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Cells share signals with each other, and that leads to activation of a specific cell population if we're thinking about a vaccine that produces antibodies, that leads to activation of B-cells, immature B-cells, which do two things.
细胞与细胞之间存在信号传递,而这将激活特定的细胞群体,如果是一些能够产生抗体的疫苗,抗体将会激活B淋巴细胞,幼B淋巴细胞,使其发生两种变化
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