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When we have an isolated system, the criterion that determineswhether something happens spontaneously is the entropy has to increase.
对于孤立系统,决定一个过程是否自发发生的判据为：,熵必须增加。
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OK, clearly we'd be much better off if we had some systematic quantitative way to tell whether something would happen spontaneously.
好，如果我们有一些系统定量的方法来判断,一个过程是否会自发进行,那就会更好了。
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It would be so easy if you built a cohesive system that carries the entire transaction to create a receipt that is useful.
如果你建立一个,能覆盖整个交易过程,能产生有效的收据的系统,一切都会变得更容易。
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But part of the process of being systematic is not assuming that I'm going to get a lucky guess. But not even thinking really hard at this point. But just pruning the search space.
但是系统化的过程是不允许,假设我做出了,一个幸运的猜测的,而是逐步缩小搜索空间。
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What happens when that recognition takes place is that your immune system gets activated, and the activation that happens usually involves two things.
当识别进行时会发生什么呢,那时免疫系统会激活,免疫系统的激活通常包含两个过程
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So if there's any systematic bias going on in the way these things get graded it'll smooth itself out across the teaching fellows, so we'll have a fair grading system and things.
所以,如果在评分过程中,有任何系统性误差,都会由助教们尽量纠正过来,这样就有了公平的评分系统
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When I flail my arms around I generate work and heat. This is not a constant volume process.
这不是一个恒容过程,但如果我是一个系统，当我做这些的时候。
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Because if it's irreversible, it's very likely that I don't know what the pressure inside the system is doing while this is happening.
因为对不可逆过程，系统内部的压强,没有明确的定义,气体不处于平衡态。
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So w, the work is less for the irreversible process than the reversible process.
不可逆过程中系统对外界,做的功要比可逆过程时小。
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So in fact what happens inside of an object-oriented system, and particularly in init Python's object-oriented system, is the following.
面向对象系统的内部,尤其是在Python的面向，对象系统的内部的过程,就是如下的，当我们调用，它会去创建一个实例。
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There's no change in them, and then we also looked at some at non-state functions, work and heat, and saw that those aren't zero going around a cycle. Of course you can do work in a cyclic process, and heat can be exchanged with the environment at the same time.
它们不会有变化，然后我们研究了,一些非态函数，功和热量，并看到,沿着循环行进一周的话,它们并不是零，当然你可以在,一个循环过程中做功，而同时热量可以在系统,与外界环境之间进行交换。
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It's the way, for example, that foreign molecules or antigens get presented to cells of your immune system in order to start the process of making an immune response, so sometimes a cell/cell interaction.
通过这种方式,外源分子,或者说抗原,进入到免疫系统的细胞中后,就会开启免疫反应过程,有时候就是细胞之间的相互作用
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And the cycle it's going to undertake is called a Carnot cycle, and it works the following way: we're going to do pressure volume work.
它的循环过程,叫做卡诺循环，过程如下：,这是个压强体积系统。
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Wirr Minus w irreversible, this is the work which is done to the environment by the system, -Wrev minus w irreversible is always smaller than minus w reversible.
一点提示，不可逆过程中系统,对外界做的功，总是小于,之前我们。
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We know in an adiabatic expansion the system's going to cool.
我们知道在绝热膨胀过程中,系统温度会降低。
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The same thing with these cells here, as these cells undergo continual divisions, they're changing in ways that make them mature, that make them more like the mature cells of the nervous system, for example, if that's where they end up being but they're losing potential as they go through that differentiation process.
细胞也是这样,在连续分裂的过程中,它们愈发成熟,比如说,变得越来越像,神经系统细胞,如果它们最终将构成神经系统的话,那它们在分化的过程中,就失去了许多潜能
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So now let's try looking at something V2 where are V1 goes to V2.
现在我们考察一个过程,这个过程中系统的体积从V1变到。
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