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So that's a big help. And equilibrium happens when there isn't any possible change of state that would satisfy this.
这个非常方便，当所有的变化,都无法满足这个公式的时候,系统就达到了平衡。
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So, these on-changing properties that describe the state of the equilibrium state of the system are called state variables.
这些描述,系统平衡态的,变化的属性,就叫做状态变量。
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Normally, we do these things to keep an equilibrium among the different systems of the unconscious, but sometimes it doesn't work.
一般来说，我们会运用这些机制,去维持无意识系统的平衡，但有时防御机制也会不起作用。
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The renal system has an equally important function in that way, in maintaining your water balance.
泌尿系统也同样十分重要,它能够维持体内的水平衡
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So, that's a homogeneous system, one phase. You have to know if your system is an equilibrium system or not.
所以这是个均匀系统，只有一个相，你得知道你的系统,是不是个平衡系统。
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Thermodynamicstalks about equilibrium systems and how to go from one state of equilibrium to another state of equilibrium.
热力学研究的是平衡系统,以及如何,从一个平衡态转变到另一个平衡态。
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So the state variables describe the equilibrium's state and they don't care about how this state got to where it is.
状态变量,描述平衡态，它们并不关心,系统是如何演化成这样的。
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And the cause of some thermodynamics have even been applied to economics, systems out of equilibrium, like big companies like Enron, you know, completely out of equilibrium, crash and burn.
热力学中的一些观点,甚至被应用到经济学中，非平衡态系统，比如像安永那样大公司,彻底偏离平衡态,最后破产了。
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If you have the number of moles and two intensive variables, then you know everything there is to know about the system.
如果你有摩尔数,和两个强度量，你就能知道关于这个系统的一切,关于系统的平衡态的一切。
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and added a structure of math upon it, to build this edifice, which is a very solid edifice of thermodynamics as a science of equilibrium systems.
了这座热力学的坚固大厦，这是一门，平衡态系统,的科学。
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In other words, we need criteria for equilibrium under more general conditions than the ones that we've dealt with so far, than the one set of conditions that we've dealt with so far, which is isolated system.
换句话说,相比我们目前为止,考虑和处理的问题，我们需要更一般条件下平衡的判据,我们目前，只考虑了孤立系统。
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And so the set of properties that describes system equilibrium doesn't change.
这些描述系统的属性,平衡是不变的。
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So it applies to macroscopic systems that are in equilibrium, and how to go from one equilibrium state to another equilibrium state, and it's entirely empirical in its foundation.
因此，热力学研究的是平衡态的宏观系统,以及如何从,一个平衡态过渡到另一个平衡态，它完全是建立在经验的基础上的。
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Because if it's irreversible, it's very likely that I don't know what the pressure inside the system is doing while this is happening.
因为对不可逆过程，系统内部的压强,没有明确的定义,气体不处于平衡态。
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But if the system is in equilibrium, none of those states has lower enthalpy.
但是如果系统处于平衡态，所有其他的态都不可能具有更低的自由焓。
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It's at equilibrium, under the new condition, that is with the barrier removed.
系统在新的状态下处于平衡，这个新的状态就是指隔板被取走了。
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If it equals zero, then we're at equilibrium.
如果公式等于零，那么系统就处于平衡态。
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If it's an equilibrium system, then thermodynamics can describe it.
如果它是个平衡系统，那么热力学就能描述它。
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So it only talks about equilibrium systems.
因此热力学只研究平衡系统。
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So this is a system which is out of equilibrium.
所以这是一个不平衡的系统。
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All right, that's the equilibrium system.
好，这是平衡系统。
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You need to know if it's an equilibrium, and you also need to know how many components you have in your system So, a glass of ice water with an ice cube in it, which is a heterogeneous system, has only one component, which is water, H2O.
要知道它是不是平衡的，你还需要知道,你的系统中有多少组分,一杯放了冰块的水，虽然它是个非均匀系统，但它只有一种组分，那就是水。
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