When we have an isolated system, the criterion that determineswhether something happens spontaneously is the entropy has to increase.

对于孤立系统,决定一个过程是否自发发生的判据为：,熵必须增加。

麻省理工公开课 - 热力学与动力学课程节选

There have been fundamental changes through time that make the role of the central bank evolve and change through time.

试图保持系统的稳定,随着时间的发展，基本的改变发生,使得中央银行的角色演变。

耶鲁公开课 - 金融市场课程节选

Once the gases are mixed, there's not going to be any further net change in the system.

一旦气体混合,这个系统就不会发生任何净的变化。

麻省理工公开课 - 热力学与动力学课程节选

What happens when that recognition takes place is that your immune system gets activated, and the activation that happens usually involves two things.

当识别进行时会发生什么呢,那时免疫系统会激活,免疫系统的激活通常包含两个过程

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

And often, if you want to make a lot of it, you have to think about the thermodynamics of the system, how fast the reactions will go and kinetics, and then whether they'll go, the thermodynamics, and sometimes then you need to adjust the reactions, maybe use a transition metal to make it go better.

这种分子就不能正常工作，而且通常来说,如果你要大量生产一个东西,你必须考虑系统的热力学，反应速率和动力学,还有反应是否会发生，热力学，而且有时候你需要调整反应的发生。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

Most chemical changes, most physical changes don't happen in isolated systems.

但是大部分的化学反应,并不是发生在孤立系统中的。

麻省理工公开课 - 热力学与动力学课程节选

The other thing that I want to do today is try to tie this discussion on vaccines a little bit more closely with what we talked about last week, in terms of what happens inside your body when you receive a vaccine or when you're exposed to an antigen, and how the immune system actually responds to that.

还有就是,我希望可以,把今天关于疫苗的讨论,与我们上周讲过的内容,结合得更紧密一些,当接种疫苗,或者是接触抗原时,人体将会发生怎样的变化,以及免疫系统对疫苗产生何种应答

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选