-
Thermodynamics is asking you, what work does this thing do on the surroundings or the surroundings do on the system?
热力学在问你们，到底是系统对环境做功,还是环境对系统做功？
-
We have got an extensive subway system and an extensive bus system that we have had for 60, 70 years.
我们有大规模的地铁系统和巴士系统，它们已经有差不多六七十年的历史了。
-
So, that's a homogeneous system, one phase. You have to know if your system is an equilibrium system or not.
所以这是个均匀系统，只有一个相，你得知道你的系统,是不是个平衡系统。
-
It's a piece of language but it also belongs to other sorts of semiotic systems as we'll immediately see.
它是一种语言,它属于一个特殊的语义系统,下面我来解释一下。
-
And Pauli says no two electrons in a given system can have the entire set of quantum numbers identical.
而泡利认为在一个给定的系统内,没有两个电子有完全相同的量子数。
-
So you say well, rather than rushing off and fixing this one bug, let me pull back and ask, bug is this a systematic mistake that I've made throughout the program?
因此我们应该回头想想,这是不是我在整个程序中都，在犯的一个系统性错误，而不是匆匆忙忙的去修复这一个,如果确实是系统性错误的话？
-
They don't necessarily represent in a systematic fashion Plato's worked out axiomatic views about the nature of philosophy.
它们不一定是很系统的,不是说柏拉图已经,提出了一套系统的哲学自然理论
-
These are primarily communication systems which act to allow your other organ systems to work in concert.
正是这些基本的通讯系统,保证了体内各系统的协调工作
-
But all of you in this room probably remember what we technically call the base 10 system or decimal system because back in grade school or the like, you learned to count and add and subtract numbers by way of columns.
但是，在座的每一位可能都记得,这在小学的时候学的,以10为进制的系统或者十进制系统,通过数列方式学习数数和加减法。
-
Once we've made some generalizations about language in this narrow sense, we could then ask, and we will ask, to what extent do other systems such as animal communication systems relate to this narrower definition.
一旦我们在狭义上,得出了某些关于语言的概论,那我们就可以发问,诸如动物交流系统之类的其他系统,会在多大程度上,符合这个狭隘的定义呢
-
And I will briefly touch upon these wonderful systems that are able to deliver information into the brain and nerve system.
我会简要提及这些能够向大脑和神经系统,递信息的美妙系统。
-
It isn't necessary for you to grasp his occultism in order to read his poetry well.
但这不是必要的,没必要去理解他的系统,不理解系统也可以读他的诗。
-
OK, clearly we'd be much better off if we had some systematic quantitative way to tell whether something would happen spontaneously.
好，如果我们有一些系统定量的方法来判断,一个过程是否会自发进行,那就会更好了。
-
So that's a big help. And equilibrium happens when there isn't any possible change of state that would satisfy this.
这个非常方便，当所有的变化,都无法满足这个公式的时候,系统就达到了平衡。
-
So what they do is, they're describing how these thermodynamic properties change, in terms of only state functions and state variables.
他们的作用是描述,随着状态函数和状态变量的变化，系统的热力性质如何变化。
-
In fact, of all the systems of cellular differentiation that are known in our bodies, probably hematopoiesis is the best known.
事实上,我们体内已知的,所有由细胞分化成的系统中,造血系统也许是最为人所熟知的
-
Well, like the rest of the ancient world, Israel had a cultic system, and that cultic system featured a sanctuary: a sacred space with holy objects; sacred objects, where priests performed a variety of ritual acts.
和其他古代世界一样，以色列有一个宗教系统，圣所是这个系统的一个特色：,它是一个布满了神圣物体的地方，祭司会在这里举行一系列的仪式。
-
These systems have some built-in knowledge, and they have to do some learning, but the learning pattern varies from system to system and there's a separateness to them.
这些系统拥有部分先天知识,它们能够进行一定的学习,但学习模式因系统的不同而有所变化,它们之间也是相互独立的
-
Only the operating system has controlling of byte zero NULL in the computer's RAM and so if a function ever returns null, aka zero, well, something must have gone wrong because that can't possibly belong to me that memory because by human convention zero is owned by the operating system; not by a program I wrote.
只用操作系统在内存中能够控制,字节0，并且如果一个函数返回，或者说0，好的，可能出错了,因为那可能是不属于我的内存,因为惯例上，0是由操作系统拥有的,而不是由我的程序拥有的。
-
So, these on-changing properties that describe the state of the equilibrium state of the system are called state variables.
这些描述,系统平衡态的,变化的属性,就叫做状态变量。
-
It means that the properties of the system, the properties that describe the system, don't change in time or in space.
它的意思是指，用以描述系统的性质，不随时间或空间改变。
-
You have extensive properties and intensive properties The extensive properties are the ones that scale with the size of the system.
广延量,和强度量,广延量的值,随着系统的规模变化。
-
Somebody say it real loud. Yes, the system is working on the surroundings, right? It's pushing out against them.
有人很大声的回答了，对，系统在对外做功，他把外界向外推开。
-
That is to say, it is not a system of signs understood as stable relationships between a concept world and a world of signifying.
也就是说，它不是一个符号系统，这个符号系统被理解为,概念世界和指示世界间的稳定的关系。
-
One is because we understand the bone marrow system so much better than we understand all the other stem cell systems.
一个原因就是我们对骨髓系统的认识,远高于其他干细胞系统
-
You want to talk about it systematically, but how can you talk about anything systematically if you don't know what it is?
人们总希望系统化地谈一件事，但是你一点都不了解它,怎么能系统化地谈它呢？
-
I am the system. I could be a system It could be a hot coffee in a thermos.
我就是系统，我可以是个系统,它可以是热水瓶里的热咖啡。
-
Other systems: the gestures that mimes use, semaphores, are all semiotic systems.
其他的系统，比如手势，模仿，信号，他们都是符号系统。
应用推荐