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And that's also how people find ways to break the second law, because somehow they've messed up on what their system is.
这就说明了某些人是如何想到办法,“打破“第二定律的，因为他们以各种方式搞错了,他们的系统的定义。
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That would that would give rise to a perpetual motion machine, breaking of the second law. It can't happen.
否则就会使,得永动机出现，打破第二定律那是不可能的。
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That is the second part of the Aufbau Principle.
这就是构造定律的第二部分。
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Now, we have come to the second law, which is "the law."
现在,我们开始进入牛顿第二定律,也就是最重要的定律
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And we combine this with first law, which for the case of pressure volume changes we write as this.
结合第一和第二定律,对于压强体积功我们可以这样写。
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So, over the last few lectures we've worked and struggled so formulate the second and third laws of thermodynamics in addition to the first.
在前几次课中,我们通过努力明确的,给出了热力学,第一，第二和第三定律。
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It's almost as important as the second law of thermodynamics, which you'll see in a week or so.
几乎同热力学第二定律,一样重要，你们将在接下来的几周时间里看到这点。
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So what we did is, remember we started with the second law. Right?
我们所做的是，还记得我们是从热力学第二定律开始的？
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We could choose any two quantities, and, in fact, it turns out that these are going to prove, after we have the second law, not to be the best choice.
我们可以任选两个物理量，其实，在学习了热力学第二定律之后，我们可以证明，这样的选择并不是最好的。
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And they've included too much or too little in the system, and it looks to them that the second law is broken and they've created more energy than is being brought in.
他们在系统中,包含了过多或过少的物质，从而在他们看来,第二定律貌似是被打破了,他们创造了比最初引入的更多的能量。
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It might suggest that you could convert all the work to heat.
它暗示我们可以把所有的功转化为热,但是热力学第二定律说。
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And then the second law comes in and says well, that's not quite right.
然后第二定律跳出来说，这不大对头。
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In general, the second law gave us the Clausius inequality for spontaneous change.
一般来说第二定律给出了,自发变化的克劳修斯不等式。
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But it's amazing, that every year you find somebody coming up with a way of going around the second law and somehow convincing people who are very smart that this will work.
但是很令人惊奇，每年你都能发现,有人宣称找到了,绕过第二定律的方法,还不知怎么地就说服了,一些非常聪明的人,让他们以为这个真的管用。
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See you Friday. We'll finish on calorimetry and thermochemistry and then we'll start in on one of the really most difficult topics that we'll deal with all semester, which is a second law and our special function that
好，我们周五见,我们会讲完量热法,和热化学的内容，然后我们会开始,讲这个学期最难的话题之一,第二定律以及我们
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So what we're going to do is consider the first and second laws.
我们需要考虑的是,热力学第一和第二定律。
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So you know, what the second law is doing, in other words, it's putting these restrictions on how well or how effectively we can convert heat into work in the case of the engine, or work into heat extracted in the case of a refrigerator.
你们知道，在热机中，热力学第二定律的作用，换句话说，就是给热量,转化为功的效率,施加限制,或在制冷剂中，对抽取热量,进行限制。
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I'll show those again, but what I want to do mostly today is try to put a mathematical statement of the second law in place that corresponds to the verbal statements that we saw last time.
今天我还将跟你们讲这些，但今天的重点是,对上次口头表述内容中的热力学,第二定律,的数学推导,我们上次看到的。
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It goes back to the second law.
这就要回到第二定律。
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The second law is going to define entropy, and is going to tell us about the direction of time, something that conceptually we, clearly, understand but is going to put a mathematical foundation on which way does time go.
第二定律定义了熵，它告诉我们,时间的流向，虽然我们清楚地,知道这个概念,但还是要为时间流动的方向,建立一个数学基础。
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