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Well, I think it's characterized at least in part by what Descartes goes on to say in his Meditations.
我认为在《沉思录》接下来的篇章中,笛卡尔至少部分提到了这个问题。
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And that's going to be valuable to me when I want to get back to using these things, right?
时髦的东西,这代表了它的种类是,笛卡尔坐标？
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So, Descartes would walk around the French Royal Gardens and the French Royal Gardens were set up like a seventeenth-century Disneyland.
笛卡尔曾经在法国皇家园林中散步,当时的法国皇家园林被建造得,犹如17世纪的迪斯尼乐园一般
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What it looks like up here, the simple Cartesian model of it is these things smear this way.
它看起来像什么，它的简单的笛卡尔模型,就是这样重叠的。
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You might have thought that showed--didn't Descartes prove to us that that shows--the Evening Star and the Morning Star are two different things?
由此你可能会想,这是不是就印证了笛卡尔向我们证明的,昏星和晨星,其实是两样不一样的东西
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Now Descartes, you remember, in his Meditations begins by asking a series of questions about how we can know anything, and one of the skeptical questions he asks is, "Well, might I not be crazy?"
大家应该记得，在《沉思录》的开头，笛卡尔问了一系列,关于我们如何知道一切的问题，其中的一个问题是，我可能疯了？
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Galileo, I have already indicated that Hobbes had met, William Harvey, Rene Descartes; a handful of others who were part of what we think of as the modern scientific revolutionaries.
就像伽利略，我提到过霍布斯曾经遇见过他，威廉哈维，笛卡尔;,还有其他很多人,这些都是我们认为的现代科学的革命者。
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If I want to get out right now the versions of these things, I can ask what's the value of c p 1 x, and it returns it back out.
你可以在那里看到那些,代表笛卡尔坐标点的东西，如果我想要得到现在，这个类的版本的东西的话。
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When Rene Descartes argued that we are more than merely machines, his best piece of evidence for him was the human capacity for language.
勒奈·笛卡尔提出人类不只是机器的时候,他最有力的证据便是人类的语言能力
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The idea of The Matrix is explicitly built upon Cartesian— Descartes' worries about an evil demon.
黑客帝国》的创意,完全基于笛卡尔的哲学,笛卡尔对于恶灵的忧虑
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And another philosopher, Descartes, in thinking about God's omnipotence, thought that it wouldn't be good enough if God as omnipotent couldn't change the facts of mathematics.
另一个哲学家，笛卡尔在思考上帝万能的时候觉得，如果万能的上帝无法改变数学,那么便不能称为万能。
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I could do the same thing, I could build polar point.
很多笛卡尔点，我可以做一些同样的操作。
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Surrounded--Surrounding--To complete a mechanical metaphor that would have led Descartes to despair-- Thank you, Koleen.
这也是个可以让笛卡尔绝望的,机械性隐喻,谢谢你,柯琳
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And So, Descartes used the method of doubt to say there's something really different about having a body that's always uncertain, from having a mind.
因此,笛卡尔运用怀疑方法得出,与拥有不可确定的身体不同,拥有心理是肯定的
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After all, Descartes knew full well that there is such a connection.
毕竟,笛卡尔完全相信,两者之间一定是存在联系的
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And so something must go wrong with Descartes' argument as well.
因此笛卡尔的论证肯定也有同样的问题
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And then I could do things like again, say, okay having done, that let me just run it here, run that, so I've now got polar point 1, and polar point 2.
然后给它们赋值半径和角度，然后我可以进行刚才的操作，也就是说，对刚才的笛卡尔坐标进行的操作，让我们来运行下它吧，运行下，现在我有一个极坐标点。
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And this is from Damasio's excellent book Descartes' Error: He used to be a really responsible guy, a family man, very reliable, very trustworthy.
在达马西奥的杰作，笛卡尔的错误：,他曾是负责任的家伙，一个居家男人，非常可靠，值得信赖。
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Right, and just to get a sense of this, let's look at a simple little example, so on your hand-out, you'll see I've got a little piece of code that says assuming I've got one of these points, I want to do things with it, for example I might want to add them together.
这些数组中的一个，你怎么能够知道，它是哪种类型的呢？,你怎么知道它是以笛卡尔坐标,表示的还是以极坐标,形式表示的呢？,你没有可以用来区分的东西，你没有说明这种信息,聚集实际上的意义。
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And Descartes says that shows that, in fact, my mind is something separate from my body.
笛卡尔说这就证明了,我的心灵和我的身体是不同的东西
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The argument I'm going to give traces back to Descartes, the great early modern philosopher.
我要提到的这个论证,可以追溯到笛卡尔,一位伟大的早期近代哲学家
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In other words, Descartes is still thinking along these same lines.
换句换说，笛卡尔也在思考同样的问题。
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So, Descartes lived in a fairly sophisticated time, and his time did have robots.
笛卡尔生活在一个,人类社会发展相对成熟的时代,在他生活的年代,已经出现了机器人
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But the most articulate and well-known defender of dualism is the philosopher Rene Descartes, and Rene Descartes explicitly asked a question, "Are humans merely physical machines, merely physical things?"
但是最著名最有影响力的二元论拥护者,则非哲学家勒奈·笛卡尔莫属,勒奈·笛卡尔明确地提出了一个问题,"人类是否仅仅是生理机器,是生理客体而已"
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It's going to apply to those arguments.
我已经做了笛卡尔点的定义。
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Descartes, similarly, could doubt he has a body.
笛卡尔甚至同样怀疑自己身体的存在
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But I suggest that the argument goes wrong.
总之我认为笛卡尔的论证是有错误的
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And I think the example of the Evening Star and the Morning Star-- which is not at all original to me-- that this example shows, this counter example shows, that Descartes' original argument doesn't work either.
而且我认为晨星,和昏星的例子,这不是我原创的,这个例子说明,这个反例说明了,笛卡尔的原来的那个论证也行不通
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Well, I can imagine the Evening Star without the Morning Star, so Son of Descartes, "Descarteson," Has to say, "Oh, so that shows that the Morning Star and the Evening Star are two different things."
我可以想象只有晨星存在,而昏星不存在,于是笛卡尔的儿子,笛卡尔森 不得不说,那就说明了晨星和昏星,是两个不一样的东西
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I think Descartes' argument fails.
我认为笛卡尔的论证不成立
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