And one bit of evidence that these genes are implicated is that some unfortunate people have point mutations in these genes.

证明这些基因起作用的一些证据,是这些基因会在某些不幸的人身上,发生点突变

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New genes emerge as dominant, no longer recessive or latent, and organisms change.

新的基因出现并支配，不在隐性潜伏，然后生物就突变了。

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Maybe Merton Miller is right-- these things are "neutral mutations" and changes in dividend policy are meaningless.

也许莫顿·米勒是对的,这些都是"中性突变",变更股利政策是无意义的

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It's going to make a lot more sense later on when we introduce mutation into our language, but I want you to start thinking of it that way.

这个功能在我们以后介绍突变的时候,会有更大的作用，但是我想要大家，现在就开始思考它。

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And it might occur to some of you that this seems to be an analogy with the Darwinian theory of natural selection where there's a random assortment of random mutations.

也许你们之中会有人觉得,这和达尔文的自然选择理论,看上去很相似,自然选择就是随机突变的随机分配。

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So the access that a cell has to certain kinds of genes, or chemical modifications of DNA, not chemical modifications that change the base pairs, that would be a mutation.

因此细胞变化的途径应该是对某些基因,或者DNA进行化学修饰,不是更改碱基对,更改碱基对就是突变了

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There is mutation.

这是突变。

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The genome starts piling on mutations that mean nothing; that's how they date the branches of the genome, by looking at the number of neutral mutations.

基因积累了许多无意义的突变,这就是他们如何鉴定基因分支的年代,看中性突变的数量就行了

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