So, this all seems a very technical phenomena related to animals and the like but it's easy to see how it generalizes and how it extends.

经典条件作用似乎是关于动物的,科学现象,但其实典条件作用发生,及其相关概念都简单易懂。

耶鲁公开课 - 心理学导论课程节选

When it comes to humans, the notions of reward and punishment and so on that Skinner tried to extend to humans are so vague it's not science anymore.

说到人类，那些斯金纳试图应用于人类身上的,奖励和惩罚之类的概念,定义太过模糊,所以不能再当做科学来看待。

耶鲁公开课 - 心理学导论课程节选

Aristotle's political science presupposes in other words a certain conception of human beings as linguistic animals who are capable not only of living together -so do a range of other species -but rather sharing in the arrangements of rule.

亚里士多德的政治科学,预设一种特定的概念,即人类是能言语的动物,我们不只能生活在一起,像其它很多动物一般,还能共享规范的安排。

耶鲁公开课 - 政治哲学导论课程节选

But in order to do so, you have to use terms like "punishment" and "reward" and "reinforcement" in such a vague way that in the end you're not saying anything scientific.

但如果你要这样去做，你就必须将惩罚，奖励“,强化之类的术语概念模糊化,最终你所作出的解释便毫无科学性。

耶鲁公开课 - 心理学导论课程节选

And there are some philosophers and psychologists who do just that, who claim that free will and responsibility and spiritual value and intrinsic value are all illusions; they're pre-scientific notions that get washed away in modern science or you could try to reconcile them.

一些哲学家和心理学家便是如此,他们认为,自由意志,责任,精神价值,内在价值,这些都是幻象,都是些前科学的概念,应当从现代科学中清洗出去,或者你可以试着将二者调和

耶鲁公开课 - 心理学导论课程节选