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What do we make of these allusions to divine colleagues or subordinates in light of Kaufman's claims regarding biblical monotheism?
参照考夫曼的一神论主张，我们如何理解这些暗示？,他们的地位等同于，还是次于上帝？
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The Latter Prophets are poetic and oracular writings that bear the name of the prophet to whom the writings are ascribed.
后先知书则是诗歌型和神论似的著作,预言家被认为是完成这部作品的人。
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Mammon had surfaced -- I'm testing your memories here - in the text of Areopagitica.
贪欲之神以前在--我想考考你们的记性,《论出版自由》中出现过。
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Yeats was trained in the occult disciplines of Theosophy and Gnosticism. Those traditions merge in his early work with European symbolism, and also with Irish cultural nationalism.
叶芝曾受到通神论和诺斯替教,神秘主义教条的训练，这些传统,在他早期作品中与欧洲象征主义，和爱尔兰文化民族主义结合。
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Polytheism is what we're talking about.
多神论是我们探讨的对象
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You also read an article by Milgrom where Milgrom talks about Priestly cultic imagery serving as a kind of theodicy.
在米尔格罗姆的一篇文章中,这篇文章讲到祭司的宗教仪式,被形象化为一种神义论。
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It might be darkness. It might be spirit. Or in ancient Greek religion, a more sort of philosophical polytheism, it might be fate.
它可以是黑暗，也可以是一种精神，在古希腊的一个，偏向于哲学上多神论的宗教中，它可以是命运。
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So a third way has emerged in the last 20 years, or 15 years or so, and it's one that seeks to avoid this dichotomy between polytheism and monotheism.
因此出现了第三种解释，在过去20年或15年间，它试图避免,将多神论和一神论一分为二。
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But in all likelihood Hebrews of an older time, the patriarchal period, the second millennium BCE--they probably weren't markedly different from many of their polytheistic neighbors. Archaeology would suggest that.
但很有可能更早的，西元前2000年族长统治时期的希伯来人，他们可能和其他信仰多神论的异邦人,没有什么太大的不同，这一点考古学会帮我们证明。
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And it's that picture of the universe, Kaufman wants to argue, that is challenged by the monotheistic revolution. Again he sees this as a revolution of ancient Israel.
考夫曼提出，正是这个宇宙的大致框架，受到了来自一神论革命的挑战，在考夫曼看来,这是古以色列的一次革命。
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Because this is one of the most famous passages in the treatise, and it's not one that we actually looked at for Mammon himself, I'm going to ask you to turn to Areopagitica.
因为这是在那篇论文中最有名的篇章之一，而且这不是我们之前看到贪欲之神唯一的篇章，我想让你们翻开《论出版自由》
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Each of these phenomena he says is transformed by the basic Israelite idea of one supreme transcendent God whose will is absolute and all of these things relate to the direct word and will of God.
所有的这些现象都随着以色列一神论概念的建立而改变,只有一位至高无上的上帝，他的意愿是不能被人改变的,世间万物都随上帝的意愿而生。
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To write any kind of epic at all might very well seem to be embracing an inappropriately sensual paganism at the expense of the higher discipline of good, old-fashioned monotheistic Christianity.
不论你想写好任何形式的史诗,你都要接受一些不太恰当的异教信仰,违反一些基督教中好的教条，和过时的一神论思想。
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The Lady, the Lady in Milton's mask, was stuck to her seat in the presence of the Shakespearian magician Comus, and Milton himself had claimed in the poem "On Shakespeare" that Shakespeare "dost make us Marble with too much conceiving."
这位戴着弥尔顿面具的女士，被卡在了莎士比亚塑造的酒宴之神,所处的位置上，弥尔顿在诗歌“论莎士比亚“中声称“,莎士比亚用太多设想出的东西是我们麻痹“
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What is so new and revolutionary about monotheism?
一神论有何创新性？
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Polytheism was understood as clearly inferior and primitive.
多神论被普遍认为是落后原始的。
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Well according to one school of thought ; there isn't anything particularly revolutionary about monotheism; and the classical account of the rise of monotheism, that has prevailed for a very long time, runs as follows, and I have a little flow chart here to illustrate it for you.
曾经某个思想学派告诉我们,一神论其实没有什么独特的新颖之处;,而它却能飞速崛起，备受重视，盛行了很长一段时间，正如我下面要提到的，我这儿有一些图来帮助你们理解。
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Well, so far we've had two models that have been thrown out to you: From polytheism's worship of many gods there's a natural evolution to henotheism's elevation of one god to a supreme position.
目前，我已经给你们提出了两种模型：,从崇拜众多神灵的多神论,自然进化到一神论,唯一的至高无上的神。
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Now since God is himself the transcendent source of all being and since he is good, in a monotheistic system there are no evil agents that constitute a realm that opposes God as an equal rival.
因为上帝的力量超越万物,也因为他是上帝，在一神论体系中没有恶灵,能够形成一个可与他相抗衡的领域。
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He argued that monotheism and polytheism are so radically distinct that one could not possibly have evolved from the other.
他认为一神论和多神论是截然不同的,不可能是一个由另一个进化而来。
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It's going to lead to a lot of interesting things. It's also going to create a really huge problem for monotheistic thought they're going to struggle with for centuries and actually still do struggle with today.
并会引发一系列的有趣事件，它也将给一神论思想,带来一个相当大的问题，这个问题,他们纠结了好几个世纪，直到现在依然存在。
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He says the pagan idea, and I quote, "does not approach Israelite monotheism as it diminishes the number of its gods. The Israelite conception of God's unity entails His sovereign transcendence over all." That's the real issue.
考夫曼认为，异教思想，“即使缩小了神的数量，也和以色列的一神论不同,以色列中上帝的概念还包含了他对世间万物,至高无上的统治，“这是一个实际问题。
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