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Now why--and here is the question why do we get this nervousness about the relationship between what I know and how I know it arising at this moment?
问题是,为什么那时候我们对,我知道什么和我如何知道的关系如此神经紧张？
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These--Again, the chemicals could excite the other neuron bring up the chances it will fire, or inhibit the other neuron .
再强调一遍,这些化学物质可使另一个神经元变得兴奋,提高该神经元产生神经冲动的可能性,也可抑制另一个神经的兴奋性
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Neurons have these projections because one important property, or one important function of neurons, is to communicate with each other.
这些突起,源于神经细胞,一项重要的性质,或者说一项重要的功能,那就是实现信息的交流
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And I will briefly touch upon these wonderful systems that are able to deliver information into the brain and nerve system.
我会简要提及这些能够向大脑和神经系统,递信息的美妙系统。
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Secondly, you settle your nerves and then move in ascending order.
第二，确保你的神经,处在一个上升的趋势。
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I don't actually know exactly what it would take, but you just cut off and snip the relevant nerve endings so that we're no longer able to engage in that higher order thinking.
我不知道手术到底怎样做，但只要切除相关的神经末梢,让我们无法进行,更高层次的思维。
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Initially a psychoanalyst, trained through the works of Freud, she realized the focuses had been too much on the negative-- on neurosis, on psychosis and said we also, not only but also have to focus on what is working on human organism.
她最初是精神分析学者，学习弗洛伊德的理论，意识到其过于注重消极面-,神经症，精神病，她认为，还必须关注影响人类生命体的东西。
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It might be hard to mesh this with the conception in which all actions are the result of neurochemical physical processes.
将上述事情,与所有的行为,都是神经化学生理过程的结果,这样的概念联系在一起是有些困难的
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Another example is in the nervous system, patients that have Parkinson's disease have too little of a natural ligand called dopamine.
另一个例子有关神经系统,帕金森氏病的患者,缺乏一种叫做多巴胺的天然的配体
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So, one simple way to code intensity is the number of neurons firing; the more neurons the more intense.
影响反应强度的一个简单因素,就是产生神经冲动的神经元数量,神经元越多,反应强度越大
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Freud studied the mind and the brain and was intensely interested in the neural basis of thought and behavior.
弗洛伊德研究心理和大脑,并对思想和行为的神经基础,有着浓厚的兴趣。
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When we discuss clinical psychology and depression we'll learn the extent to which neurotransmitter disorders are implicated in certain disorders like depression.
等我们探讨临床心理学以及抑郁症的时候,就会知道神经递质代谢障碍,对抑郁症这样的心理障碍的影响程度了
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But in general, for each neurotransmitter that released it there would only be one population of receptors that's ready to receive it.
但总体说,每一种在此释放的神经递质,只能被一类受体接受
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So, the neural structures change radically as babies kind of get rid of excess neurons through development.
由于婴儿在发展过程中,会清除掉许多多余神经元,因此神经结构会发生急速的变化
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And all this is to help to address a broad range of neurological diseases and injuries.
所有这些都旨在帮助我们,研究很广的范围的神经系统疾病和损伤。
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It's not that all these layers are wrapped around the nervous system and the endocrine system.
不是所有功能,都围绕着神经系统和内分泌系统展开的
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I'm also including modern-day approaches to computational theory, cognitive neuroscience, evolutionary theory and cultural psychology.
而这些理论则包括了,计算理论,认知神经科学,进化论,以及文化心理学的诸多当代理论
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But what about people who are neurologically normal but they don't have language around them?
但那些神经上正常但却没有语言环境的人,又会怎样呢
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We learned about cognitive neuroscience using the study of face recognition as an important case study-- human differences, behavioral genetics, nature and nurture, sex and food.
我们学习了认知神经学,引用面部识别的研究,作为重要的例子分析-,还学了人体差异，行为遗传学，先天与后天，性与食物。
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And that concept is really to either write information into the brain and the nerve system or read information out of the brain and the nerve system.
这一概念实际上是指,向大脑或者神经系统输入信息,或者读出大脑和神经系统以外的信息。
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So, here's something; here's a first guess I read in a neuroscience textbook.
我想说;,我在一个神经学教科书上看到的一个猜想。
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That was the point I was trying to illustrate in the nervous system.
这才是我在讲解神经系统时,想极力说明的问题
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It's collecting information from all these dendrites under the right series of signals the cell body integrates all that information, says time for me to fire an action potential.
神经收集所有树突送来的,通过一系列正确信号传来的信息,细胞体整合所有信息之后,就到了发出动作电位的时候了
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Interpret those neural signals with mathematic algorithms as one on custom-designed chips those of you who are very familiar with this technology, that fuels and all other things running here today.
通过运算法则去解释这些神经信号,就像大家都很熟悉的,定制的芯片上那样，燃料等现在大家用到的东西。
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It is a great pleasure to be with you this afternoon to share some of the recent researches that my group here in Stanford has been conducting on neural prostheses.
今天下午，我非常高兴能与大家一起,分享我们斯坦福大学小组,近期在神经接口方面的部分研究成果。
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The first one is the number of neurons firing.
第一个是产生神经冲动的神经元数量
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And what an agonist does is increases the effect of neurotransmitters, either by making more neurotransmitters or stopping the cleanup of neurotransmitters, or in some cases by faking a neurotransmitter, by mimicking its effects.
兴奋剂会增加神经递质的作用效果,有可能是通过释放更多的神经递质而实现,也可能是通过阻止神经递质的排出而实现,也有时候是通过伪造神经递质,通过模仿神经递质的效果来实现的
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The cells that take an electrical signal, which is coming down your nerve and convert it into a muscle contraction work this way, so 'neuro' nerve, muscle junctions act based on ligand-gated ion channels.
依靠相同的工作原理,细胞将来自于神经的,电信号传递到细胞收缩肌中,所以神经和肌肉关节运动,都基于配体门控离子通道
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another thing that you'd find if you looked inside the axon terminals of any of these pre-synaptic membranes, you'd find lots of vesicles or some membrane bound compartments that contain special chemicals called neurotransmitters.
如果你仔细观察,突触前膜的轴突末梢内部,你会发现很多小泡,即膜包被的结构,包含有称为神经递质的特殊化合物
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The second one is the frequency of firing in that something is more intense if it's "Bang, bang, bang, bang, bang, bang" then "Bang, bang, bang" and these are two ways through which neurons encode intensity.
第二个是产生神经冲动的频率,如果先是 "砰 砰 砰 砰 砰",然后变成,"砰,砰,砰",这是由于神经元反应强度更大了,这便是两种,会影响神经元反应强度的因素了
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