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Another example is in the nervous system, patients that have Parkinson's disease have too little of a natural ligand called dopamine.
另一个例子有关神经系统,帕金森氏病的患者,缺乏一种叫做多巴胺的天然的配体
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In my classes? Not as much. I think, I'm a pre-med neuroscience major,
在课上吗？没有太多。我是神经系统科学专业的医学预科生，
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So, you have both the diversity in the physical connections, any one cell is potentially contacting lots of other cells.
所以 神经系统既有多样性的物理连接,即每个细胞都可能与其他许多细胞连接
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So, every philosopher or psychologist or humanist or neuroscientist who has ever thought about people has had to make some claim about the nature of language and how it works.
因此,无论是哲学家,心理学家,人类学家,还是神经系统学家,只要他们曾经研究过人类,便会就语言的特性及其功能提出某些理论
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because she is really sort of at the front of Cognitive Linguistics,
因为她的确在神经系统学领域太出名了，
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And I will briefly touch upon these wonderful systems that are able to deliver information into the brain and nerve system.
我会简要提及这些能够向大脑和神经系统,递信息的美妙系统。
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Part of the complexity of the nervous system is the complexity of this interconnection of cells.
神经系统的复杂性部分地,体现在神经细胞间相互连接的复杂性
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Again, in the context of a specific tissue site, in this case it's the nervous system.
当然又是放在某种组织当中来说,这次是在神经系统
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If you look throughout the nervous system you would find cells that look different in different regions, because of where they're situated in the brain.
如果你仔细检视神经系统,你会发现不同部位的神经细胞,看起来不一样,这取决于它们在大脑中所处的位置
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That's what leads to some of the complexity of function of the nervous system.
这就是导致,神经系统功能多样性的原因
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One of the things you know about the nervous system is its fast.
你们都知道神经系统反应迅速
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They might be capable of forming all of the cells of the nervous system; they might still have some potency to form other things that are similar to the nervous system.
它们也许可以生成,所有神经系统的细胞,也许还有一些生成和神经系统类似的,其他东西的潜能
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Because of that, because they're not directly wired together but because there is - are decisions and integrations occurring at each junction, the potential operation of the nervous system becomes diverse.
正因如此,正因为神经元并不是直接联系在一起的,但在每个连接处进行决策和信息整合,使神经系统的活动具有多样性
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There are processes that go from my nervous system, from my brain and spinal cord out to the tips of my fingers that allow me to move muscles there, or down to your toes.
神经系统中的有些突起可以,从大脑和脊髓一直延伸到,手指指端,以使我这里的肌肉能够运动,神经甚至会一直延伸到你的脚趾
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So one way that neurons, in particular, are able to communicate with other cells in the nervous system, share information, integrate information, decide what to do next is that they are physically connected to other different cells.
所以神经细胞之所以能够,与神经系统中其他细胞通讯,分享信息,整合信息,从而决定下一步该做什么,是由于不同细胞间,是彼此连接在一起的
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The same thing with these cells here, as these cells undergo continual divisions, they're changing in ways that make them mature, that make them more like the mature cells of the nervous system, for example, if that's where they end up being but they're losing potential as they go through that differentiation process.
细胞也是这样,在连续分裂的过程中,它们愈发成熟,比如说,变得越来越像,神经系统细胞,如果它们最终将构成神经系统的话,那它们在分化的过程中,就失去了许多潜能
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Now, what this enables these cells to do is to communicate with very specific other regions of the nervous system.
现在,细胞就能够,同神经系统其他特定区域进行通讯
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We're going to take these general topics and talk about how they work in the nervous system and the immune system next time.
在下节课我会讲这些内容以及,配体-受体系统在神经系统和,免疫系统中的作用原理
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And all this is to help to address a broad range of neurological diseases and injuries.
所有这些都旨在帮助我们,研究很广的范围的神经系统疾病和损伤。
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It's not that all these layers are wrapped around the nervous system and the endocrine system.
不是所有功能,都围绕着神经系统和内分泌系统展开的
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And that concept is really to either write information into the brain and the nerve system or read information out of the brain and the nerve system.
这一概念实际上是指,向大脑或者神经系统输入信息,或者读出大脑和神经系统以外的信息。
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That was the point I was trying to illustrate in the nervous system.
这才是我在讲解神经系统时,想极力说明的问题
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That's in the immune system and in the nervous system.
这两个系统就是免疫系统和神经系统
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Your stomach is a very complex organ that has a muscle layer, it has an epithelial layer which is the interface with food that comes in, and it also has a nervous system, so does the heart.
你的胃是一个非常复杂的器官,它拥有一个肌肉层,有一个与摄入的食物,相接触的表皮层,也有一套神经系统,心脏也有
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So this cell, wherever it's setting, wherever it is positioned within the nervous system let's say in the cortex somewhere or the outside surface of the brain is able to communicate with a region of the brain that's in this direction, a region in this direction, a region in this direction, a region in this direction.
所以这个细胞 无论它在何处,无论它在神经系统中安身何处,就比方说它位于大脑皮层上吧,即位于大脑外表面上的某处,它可以同,这一方向上的脑域进行交流,也可以是这个方向,也可以是这个方向,也可以是这个方向
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She's my Cognitive Neuroscience teacher,
她是我的神经系统学老师，
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It varies in its structure among cells of the nervous system but all synapses have some properties in common.
突触结构因神经系统细胞不同而不同,但突触都有某些共同属性
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The synapse is just this anatomical region of contact between two adjacent cells in the nervous system.
突触是解剖学上,神经系统相邻两细胞的连接区域
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They're small molecules that - whose principal function in the body is to carry signals from one cell in the nervous system to another.
它们都是小分子,在体内主要功能是在,神经系统内将信号,从一个细胞传导到另一个细胞
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I'm using it just to make the point, which you already know about; that the nervous system is complex in it performs a complex set of functions.
我想通过这张图片阐述一些,你们已经知道的知识,即神经系统是一个,功能复杂的复合体
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