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This is what Tynjanov says: In formalist historiography, the prime significance of major social factors is not at all discarded.
提尼亚诺夫这样说：,在形式主义者编写历史时，并没有完全忽略主要社会力量的重要性。
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we were under a communist regime.
我们是社会主义政权。
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There is a social analysis that he begins to be able to advance partly due to his reading in Marxism, in sociology.
有种观点说是理查,受到马克思主义的社会学的影响开始进步。
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There is something insidious and culturally malicious and powerful about the social conservatism of what is thought to be his voice.
人们认为弥尔顿宣扬的是社会保守主义,社会保守主义中有种隐藏的，文化上有害且强大的因素。
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There was in the late 1860s a revival of republican and socialist organization, and of anarchist disorganization, if you will.
在十九世纪六十年代晚期,共和主义及社会主义组织,还有无政府主义组织有所复兴,如果你们愿意这么认为的话
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And sociologically in the 1960s and 1970s, in the United States, behaviorism was incredibly well known and so was Skinner.
在上世纪60到70年代之间的美国社会，行为主义极为盛行,斯金纳也得以名声大噪。
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It was a society that eventually developed a disdain for what they perceived as the corruptions of modern commercialism.
南方社会,对他们认为的腐败的现代重商主义,持有一种相当鄙夷的态度
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This is...isn't this an example of kind of thing that... ? a socialist would refer to as market failure?
莫非这正好验证了。,社会主义者关于资本主义市场失效的理论？
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We believe that that ethos we call religious pluralism actually is absolutely key to peace in the world.
我们相信我们称作宗教多元主义的社会风气,绝对是世界和平的关键。
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But the modern world, to get back to that, to this Enlightenment world, individualism and a key aspect to that is hedonism.
但是回到现代社会,回到启蒙时期的世界,个人主义的关键在于享乐主义
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It is obviously also the materialist, or, social position.
这明显也是唯物主义的，社会层面的观点。
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That's a most ludicrous word, really, in contemporary social science or orthodox Marxist, where you just had to say, "Well, eventually the proletariat will rise up, because the bourgeoisie did this before."
在当代社会学领域或者正统马克思主义里,这是一个非常愚蠢的做法,就好像你只用说,"最终无产阶级会起义,是因为以前资产阶级就这么干过"
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We heard an objection that said what they did was categorically wrong, like here at the end, categorically wrong, murder is murder, it's always wrong even if it increases the overall happiness of society, a categorical objection.
其中之一是说,他们的所作所为，是绝对错误的，正如后排这位所言，绝对错误，谋杀就是谋杀，总归是错的,即便能增加社会总幸福，属于绝对主义的反对。
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Some coming from East Asian societies have said, this emphasis in the West on individualism.
有些东亚社会的人说，西方这种强调个人主义的思想。
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He was very interested in economics, and he wanted to understand how the social structures of capitalism and the economic structures of capitalism impinged upon the way personalities were formed.
其中，他对经济学又颇有研究，一直致力于解析,资本主义的社会结构,和经济架构如何改变一个人。
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The socialist idea started to lead to a number of experiments in various countries around the world that were pooling risks-- they might not have put it this way.
这种社会主义设想,引发了全世界很多国家,在风险管理上的改制与试行-,他们可能没用“社会主义“这一叫法。
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Now, you don't have to buy that and individuals undoubtedly found the strain too much from time to time, but what's interesting, is rather the ideal, the claim, the theory.
你不必非得接受这些理论,况且现代社会常充斥着个人主义倾向,但是那些理想,主张和理论却更意味深长
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They weren't all socialists; as I said, some were anarchists, some were moderate republicans, but they were who were left.
就像我说的,他们并非都是社会主义者,有些是无政府主义者,有些是温和派共和党,他们都是留守的人员
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And, what they were trying to do was imagine a new world which would be less centralized; but, for the socialists, they wanted more centralization.
他们留下的目的就是,能生活在一个没有中央集权的社会中,但是,对于社会主义者来说则正相反
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There are lots of social movements that have some idealism behind them.
我们有很多的社会运动,它们背后都带有某种理想主义
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Nihilism rejects any objective basis for society and its morality.
无政府主义反对任何,社会的客观根据和它的道德准则
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You've got moderate socialists, you've got this whole kind of different people, and they're meeting around tables, and talking, and arguing, and debating, and yelling, and hugging, long into the night, as the guns draw nearer.
还有温和派的社会主义者,各类立场迥异的人,围坐在桌前,交谈,争执,辩论,吼叫,当然也拥抱,就这样直到夜幕降临,枪声渐近
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Now, I guess I'm out of time. So, I'll pick up the story next time with the story about this heroic ethic and the impact that it has on Greek society.
好的,我想时间已经过了,下次课我们接着谈这种英雄主义的伦理观,及其对古希腊社会的影响
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And, so, you can see how this would have an impact on every country, on the United States--those of you who've taken American history, this sort of view that immigrants were increasingly bringing socialism and anarchism to the United States.
由此我们能看出巴黎公社对世界各国,对美国的影响,那些学过美国历史的人懂的,移民们越来越多,在美国宣扬社会主义和无政府主义
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Trotsky is not simple-minded in his literary taste, and he doesn't just sort of spontaneously insist that everybody has to write socialist realism.
列夫，托洛斯基的文学品味并不单一，他也不要求每人都必须,按以社会主义现实主义写作。
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He's trying extremely hard to make an answer, and what he ends up doing is bringing that knowledge that he built up in Chicago, the knowledge that he gets from reading economics and sociology and Marxism.
他在里面倾其所学，让她明白,甚至用马克思主义,经济学和社会学中。
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.. I think that what's happening is these ideas-- Everything is evolving, so I'm actually presenting here our modern finance as the outgrowth of socialism, but that's not the usual way to present it.
我认为这些想法观念也正在-,一切都在进步，但我真正想表达的是现代金融,也可以被解读为社会主义的一个产物，这种解读并不常见。
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