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Then they started minting new coins out of gold and the government was issuing coins they called them guineas.
之后，他们开始用金子铸币,并且政府也开始发行硬币,他们叫它几尼。
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Well as we'll see later in the term, we're going to use a lot of randomness in a lot of our programs. Where we essentially do the equivalent of flipping coins or rolling dice.
我们会在晚些时候学到，我们会在很多程序中,用到一系列的随机检验,这跟掷骰子或者扔硬币差不多。
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We wanted this to be a twenty shilling coin but now in the market it's trading at twenty-one.
我们希望它是一个值二十先令的硬币,但现在它在市场上以二十一个先令的价值来交换。
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The best study to show this is a quiz show study, which is you take two people and you flip a coin.
这个理论的最佳研究就是一个问答节目研究，找来两个人，抛硬币。
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Instead of listening to the cry of agony they listen to the ring of dollars and stoop down and pick up the coins."
怨言绕耳过,硬币叮当落,速拾不嫌多"
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We'll assume that if there's a tie that we flip a fair coin or a Supreme Court judge, whatever you want to take, whichever.
我们将假设如果有人票数一致,我们就掷硬币或由最高法院裁决,不论你们想用那种方法
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They are two sides of a same coin in that sense.
就像是一枚硬币的两面。
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In the case of the coin toss, there are only two, but I'm saying in general there could be an infinite number.
在抛硬币的例子里,只有两个取值,但是一般都会有无限个可能值
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If you take a bunch of pennies and you spread them out, you don't get more pennies.
如果你把一卷硬币全部摊开,你不会得到更多的硬币
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And then you'd expect a third person watching this to say, "Who cares? It's just--They're just doing this because of the coin they flipped."
你可能以为看这个问答的第三方会想，”这有什么关系，谁问谁答,只不过取决于那个硬币而已“
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I mentioned this before -I think I mentioned it before -if you say, I'm going to ask you to bet on a coin toss.
我之前提到过...,应该提到过...,我邀请你与我赌硬币正反面
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If you toss a coin twice and the first experiment doesn't influence the second, we say they're independent and there's no relation between the two.
如果你抛两次硬币,第一次的结果并不影响第二次的结果,所以我们说他们是相互独立的,这两次试验没有关系
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They started out as a they just minted the amount in one coin which they thought was equivalent to twenty shillings.
他们开始时只将他们认为的,等同于二十先令的数量的金子,铸入一个硬币。
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One is to say, how much will you bet and then I toss the coin.
第一种,你先押注,然后我再掷硬币
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It goes off after it's been hit a certain number of times.
在你玩了一定次数后，会有硬币吐出来。
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The other way is, I toss the coin first and I can conceal the outcome and then I ask, how much would you like to bet?
第二种,我先掷出硬币,然后盖住,问你,你愿意下多少赌注
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Let's say the outcome of an experiment, like tossing a coin.
比方说某一试验的结果,比如抛硬币
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I ask everybody in this class to take out a coin.
我叫班上的同学拿出一枚硬币。
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So they had a guinea which they said was twenty shillings and then there were two coins either shillings or guineas that was the money at the time.
于是，他们就生产出了,一个等同于二十先令的几尼,所以出现了两种硬币,先令或是几尼,这是当时流行的货币。
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And in fact, later experiments just flipped a coin.
甚至在后来的实验中直接抛硬币就行了。
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For example, the experiment could be tossing a coin, I will call the outcome heads the number one, and I'll call the outcome tails the number zero, so I've just defined a random variable.
比方说,抛硬币的试验,我将正面向上的结果对应数字1,反面向上的结果对应数字0,这样我就定义了一个随机变量
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You all flip it.
你们都把硬币抛起来。
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Flip if tie.
如果平局就掷硬币
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So all the shillings disappeared and the only coin left was the guinea.
所以，所有的先令就消失了,只剩下几尼作为唯一的硬币。
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The prominent coin was called the shilling and it was a silver coin.
那种著名的硬币名叫先令,并且它是一种银质的硬币。
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You might say the probability that you toss a coin and it comes up heads is a half, because it's equally likely to be heads and tails.
如果你抛一枚硬币,正面向上的概率一定是50%,因为正反哪一面向上的可能性是相同的
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It could have been already tossed and concealed.
但也许硬币已经被掷出且藏了起来
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For example, if you ask people how much they would be willing to bet on a coin toss, they will typically bet more if they can toss the coin or they will bet more if the coin hasn't been tossed yet.
比如说,如果你问人们,他们愿意出多少钱去赌掷硬币,如果他们可以掷硬币,或在硬币还没被掷出前,他们会下更大的注
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