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Adiabatic can be either reversible or not, and we're going to do that probably next time or two times.
绝热过程可以是可逆的，也可以不是，我们可能会在下一次或下下次课上,研究这个问题。
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All these cells come from the bone marrow and biologists have traced the formation of these cells in great detail.
所有这些细胞都来自骨髓,而生物学家已经很详细地,研究了这些细胞的形成过程
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And I'm sure you can imagine that if you want to label onw protein green and one red and one yellow, now you can start looking at really complex biological processes.
我相信你们可以想象如果你,需要把一个蛋白质标记成绿色,一个标记红色，一个标记黄色，这样你就可以研究非常复杂的生物学过程。
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Be careful. Suppose we are doing an adiabatic process.
假设我们在研究绝热过程。
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But I enjoyed it when I finished it. And I was offered a scholarship to do some graduate work because I've done well at it. And it just got went on from there.
但是当我修完了哲学课，我觉得我很享受学习的过程,学校授予了我奖学金来做硕士的研究,因为我在哲学方面做得很好，从那时起，我走上了哲学的道路。
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So although the New Critics were fed up with philological criticism, I don't mean to be condescending toward it or to suggest that it didn't play a crucially important role in the evolution of literary studies.
所以，虽然新批判主义,对语言学批判主义不满，但是并不是要否认语言学批判主义,在文学研究发展过程中,起到的重要作用。
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And So, we study different problems like recognizing faces or language or motor control or logic.
我们研究各种在行为过程出现的问题,诸如面孔识别,语言,运动控制,以及逻辑
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One of the inputs to the problems we're gonna be working on this semester and if you continue on in this world how much thought it takes to implement something, how much time it takes to run something, how much space it takes to run something?
我们将在本学期集中探讨这些问题,或者在课程之后你们也可以继续研究,为实现一些功能要有多少想法，在运行过程中又将花费多长时间，需要多大的空间？
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Well, the only way you know is to do studies-- and we'll talk about how these are done in the next class-- linking dietary behavior, food intake with health.
了解这些的唯一方法是做研究,而在下一节课,我们会谈论具体过程,联系饮食习惯,食物摄入与健康
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We'll see that next time, and then we'll generalize in a broader sense to look at the direction in which spontaneous processes go. ?
我们下节课将讲述这方面的内容，然后会进一步推广到更广的意义上去,研究任何自发过程,的进行方向？
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Now if you look at my derivation here, there's one spot where I could have just stopped and proven my point without going through the whole thing.
如果仔细检查我的推导过程，你会发现其实,我们不用研究整个循环过程,就可以证明我们要证的公式。
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And again, I want to stress this is a reversible path.
再强调一次，我们研究的是可逆过程。
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I mentioned that this process has taken many decades and lots of people studying.
我提到这个研究过程耗时数十年,投入无数人力
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From that standpoint, from that theoretical standpoint, comes a methodological approach which is, if they're all the same then you could study human learning by studying nonhuman animals.
从这个理论观点中，可以得出一种研究方法,即，如果人类与动物并无差别,那你就能通过研究非人类动物的学习过程,来研究人类的学习过程。
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So more than doubling the risk can certainly site to the population Now these kind of results show how important it is to do studies that don't group everybody in the population together.
由图可见,发病率差异量超过一倍,这些研究结果表明,在研究过程中分组的重要性
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What they do in this study is they took this cohort of a hundred thousand nurses and then have followed them repeatedly over the years, with very careful assessments of diet, health status, and other things, and countless papers, important papers have been published from this particular cohort.
在研究过程中,他们以十万名护士为研究群组,很长一段时间内定期追踪她们的信息,包括关于饮食健康状况等的详细评估,同时还不断刊发基于这一研究群组,的重要论文
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We could do an adiabatic process.
我们再来研究绝热过程。
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All right so we know how to do this.
研究了等温过程后。
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One of the real surprising findings in my field over the last ten/twenty years has been that the acquisition of sign languages has turned out to be almost exactly the same; in fact, as far as we know, exactly the same as the acquisition of spoken languages.
过去的十到二十年间,在我的研究领域里最令人吃惊的发现之一就是,各种手语的获得过程,被证明几乎是完全相同的,实际上据我所知,和口语语言的获得过程是完全相同的
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If I look at different points in my container during that path, I'm going to have to use a different value of pressure or different value of temperature That's not an equilibrium state, and that process turns out then to be an irreversible process.
如果我要研究在路径中容器里的,不同的点，我就得在容器里不同的点上使用,不同的压强值,或不同的温度值,实际上这不是个平衡态，这个过程是,不可逆过程。
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There was great scrutiny over the process.
其研究过程受到了严格的审查
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Now, in the process of doing that they found some very rare stem cells that are called pluripotent, pluri just means many potencies.
如今在这种研究进行的过程中,他们发现了一些非常稀少的干细胞,称为多能干细胞,pluri这个前缀就是指很多能力
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All right, so we're going to be doing more thermodynamics processes.
我们现在继续,研究热力学过程。
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There's no change in them, and then we also looked at some at non-state functions, work and heat, and saw that those aren't zero going around a cycle. Of course you can do work in a cyclic process, and heat can be exchanged with the environment at the same time.
它们不会有变化，然后我们研究了,一些非态函数，功和热量，并看到,沿着循环行进一周的话,它们并不是零，当然你可以在,一个循环过程中做功，而同时热量可以在系统,与外界环境之间进行交换。
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We like people who are honest, who are kind, who are smart, who are funny, but study after study finds more fundamental processes are also at work and here is a list of three of them.
我们喜欢诚实，善良，聪明，有趣的人，但一个又一个研究表明还有其他一些心理过程,起了作用，我来一一列举。
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