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Adiabatic can be either reversible or not, and we're going to do that probably next time or two times.
绝热过程可以是可逆的，也可以不是，我们可能会在下一次或下下次课上,研究这个问题。
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A lot of study. You know, you take acting classes
做很多研究。你知道，你要上表演课，
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And then when we got to more of a cellular level, that we could actually understand how our body worked as low of a level as thinking about cells.
肺怎么工作，我们到了细胞的层面上研究问题,从细胞的角度理解给我们身体,怎么工作就更加有趣了。
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So this is a classic game, perhaps it's one of the most famous games, and therefore worth studying in the class.
这是一个经典的博弈案例,可能是最著名的博弈案例之一,它很值得在我们课堂上研究一下
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And he had to attach something to dogs so that their saliva would pour out so he could study saliva.
他给狗套上了一些装置,来收集狗的唾液用以研究。
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So we can understand down to a very fine level now because of machines that we've built.
现在我们能在非常微观的水平上进行研究,这得益于我们设计出的种种机械
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If you're a serious chess player, you might study some of the great games of chess history.
如果你是一名严谨的棋手,你可能还会研究国际象棋史上最伟大的棋局
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Puritans at this moment in English history were placing, when thinking about how things should work at church, more and more emphasis on the sermon, the institution of the sermon.
清教徒指的是在英国历史上，致力于研究教会事务，并把重点越来越多的放在布道训诫之上的人。
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You know, I kind of wonder, the list of countries that I just read to you, that Dimson,Marsh and Staunton studied, excludes some important countries, doesn't it?
我这里有些疑惑,刚刚我所读过的名单上的国家,那些蒂姆森,马什和斯汤顿研究过的国家,并不包括一些重要的国家,不是吗
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Because the government spends so little money on educating about--people about nutrition, especially compared to what the food industry spends, that it doesn't--it almost doesn't matter what this is.
这是由于政府在营养学教育上投入太少,远远不及食品行业对营养研究的投入,因此它似乎变得无关紧要
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Think about an eight year old girl, who's very unhappy, and then reads some magazine about that study, saying that basically you are genetically set point what you are born with is there for life.
设想一个8岁的女孩，她很忧伤，然后在杂志上读到那个研究，研究告诉她，基本上你的基因决定了一切,你与生俱来的一切，将伴随你终生。
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So did you approach Professor Katz and say "we have this idea we really would like to promote"? At least a discussion and the academic study of what it looks like.
那你是主动联系Katz教授,跟他说，我有这样一个想法,我们很想推行么？，至少讨论,并且做了学术上的研究，了解课程的内容。
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And from that, we continue with their rom search, and had the children interviewed their mothers.
然后，我们进一步进行软件上的研究，我们让学生采访他们的母亲。
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And I want you to understand the method that we'll pursue in the course.
我希望你们理解，我们在这门课上,所要使用的研究方法。
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Yeah, I like to look at films in different ways, because you can look at one film and explore it like the music. For example, in Film Music we looked at Psycho which I see on the syllabus, and we talked about the music in that film.
是的，我喜欢从不同的角度研究电影，因为你可以看一部电影,从音乐的角度研究它，例如，我看到教学大纲上有《精神病患者》,在电影音乐课上我们看了这部电影，并讨论了电影中的配乐。
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It's possible that due to the methodological limitations of Piaget, he systematically underestimated what children and babies know.
皮亚杰很可能由于研究方法上的局限,而系统地低估了婴幼儿的理解能力
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One thing to know methodologically is the person giving a choice is blind to the study.
研究方法上需要强调的一点是,主试对于实验来说是盲性的
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What's really weird— One really weird finding about these lobes is that they include topological maps.
奇怪的是,关于这些脑叶,有一个奇怪的研究发现,那就是,在它们上都存在着地理定位图
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And then from a welfare point of view, from a policy point of view, we're interested about whether this is good for consumers or good for producers or what.
其次,从政治上的福利观点来看,我们还需要研究,这对消费者有利还是对生产者有利
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Roger Ibbotson, who is a colleague of Bob Shiller's and mine at the School of Management, has done a fair amount of work, studying the relative importance of these sources of returns.
罗格·伊博森是,我和希勒在管理学院的同事,他在对回报率来源的研究上,做了大量的工作
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There's methodological limitations.
还有些研究方法上的局限
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By taking cells from the skin, for example, or cells from your blood or cells from the bone marrow and keeping them alive in culture, we've been able to study how human cells work and learn a lot about the functioning of human organism.
举例来说,通过从人的皮肤,骨髓,或者血液中提取细胞,并在培养基中培养,就能研究人类细胞是如何工作的,并在一定程度上了解人类机体的功能
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Can you imagine a study of relationships throughout human history ? that focuses on the average?
你能想象,对整个人类历史上的恋爱关系进行研究,并求平均值吗？
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Finally, studies have been done of college yearbook photos looking at people thirty years later.
最后，所做的研究是,30年后大学年鉴上人们的照片。
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But on this cover, you can see that there are several stories about smallpox.
但在这个封面上,你可以看到几篇关于天花的研究
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There's a new, I think a Yale study on executive compensation.
有一个新闻，我想耶鲁大学在,行政赔偿上进行的一个研究。
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My roommate for many years was going to medical school as I was going to graduate school, and we found we had so many interesting conversations about chemistry -- her from the context of practicing and using medications and talking about how they worked on a molecular level, and me talking about my research.
让你们读医学预科的人都转行,我多年的室友在我去读研究生的时候，去了医学院,我发现我们对于化学有过很多有趣的交谈,她会说如何应用药物,如何在分子层面上让它们工作，我则说关于我的研究。
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The interest there was what do--can we learn about this because there were populations all over the world starving and scientists wanted to know what was happening physiologically to people and then what was the best way to re-feed them when you got--when they got access to food again?
我们关心的是从这项研究中能学到什么,世界上有很多人还在忍饥挨饿,科学家们想知道,饥饿对人们生理上的影响,以及当饥饿的人重新拥有足够食物的时候,最好的进食方法
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A lot of money-- millions,millions of dollars went into that.
大量的金钱-数百万美元投资在研究上。
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And these case studies have happened over history.
这些个案研究曾在历史上得到多次验证
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