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So, Piaget viewed the child as a scientist who developed this understanding, these schemas, these little miniature theories of the world.
皮亚杰将儿童视为科学家,认为儿童能够形成关于世界的,一系列看法,图示,或者说小型理论
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So, I started off with Piaget, and Piaget, like Freud, believed in general, across the board changes in how children think.
我先来说说皮亚杰,和弗洛伊德一样,皮亚杰相信,总体上看,儿童的思维方式会发生全面的改变
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You take a nine-month-old and for Piaget a nine-month-old is just starting to make sense of objects and their permanence.
你找到一个九个月大的婴儿,在皮亚杰看来,九个月大的婴儿才刚刚发展出,客体以及客体永存性的概念
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Most of what we do these days, our methods, our theories, our ideas, are shaped, to some extent, by Piaget's influence.
我们这些天所讲的,各种方法,理论,思想,它们的形成都在一定程度上,受到了皮亚杰的影响
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It's possible that due to the methodological limitations of Piaget, he systematically underestimated what children and babies know.
皮亚杰很可能由于研究方法上的局限,而系统地低估了婴幼儿的理解能力
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Piaget's example would be a baby who's used to sucking on a breast might come to suck on a bottle or on a rattle.
皮亚杰举例说,一个习惯吸吮乳房的婴儿,可能会去吸吮奶瓶或是拨浪鼓
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Now, it's entirely not true, but it's a beautiful phrase and Piaget was committed to this.
现在看来,这个观点完全错误,但这却是个美妙的短语,皮亚杰对此深信不疑
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But kids, according to Piaget,don't know that and this is one of the real cool demonstrations.
但皮亚杰认为儿童并不知道会这样,这个概念是非常精彩的证据之一
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And Piaget argued that these two mechanisms of learning drove the child through different stages.
皮亚杰认为,这两种学习机制,帮助儿童跨越各个阶段
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His idea was that children are active thinkers; they're trying to figure out the world.
皮亚杰认为,儿童是主动思考者,他们试图去理解世界
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Before six-month-olds, Piaget observed, you take an object the kid likes like a rattle, you hide it, you put it behind something, it's like it's gone.
皮亚杰发现,在六个月之前,你将婴儿喜欢的物体,比如说拨浪鼓,藏起来,隐藏在某物的后面,就像这东西消失了一样
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Another significant finding Piaget had about this phase of development concerns what's called "conservation."
皮亚杰在该发展阶段中的另一个重大发现,就是"守恒"
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So, for Piaget, the first stage is the sensorimotor stage or the sensorimotor period.
皮亚杰认为,第一个阶段,是感知运动阶段,或者说,感知运动期
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Now, Piaget fared a lot better than did Freud or Skinner for several reasons.
皮亚杰要比弗洛伊德或是斯金纳成功很多,原因有以下几点
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Piaget had a rich theoretical framework, pulling together all sorts of observations in different ways, wrote many, many books and articles and articulated his theory very richly.
通过将各种观察结果,以不同的方式组合在一起,皮亚杰的理论内容变得十分丰富,他写了大量的书籍和论文,丰富了他的理论
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Before Piaget, nobody noticed that babies had this problem tracking and understanding objects.
在皮亚杰之前,并没有人注意到婴儿在追踪和理解客体上,存在着守恒的问题
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It was a discipline he described as genetic epistemology the origins of knowledge.
皮亚杰主张发生认识论,即,认识的起源
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At the same time, however, there are limitations in Piaget's theory.
然而,与此同时,皮亚杰的理论也有其局限之处
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And he claimed the child really thinks it's just gone.
皮亚杰认为,婴儿真的会以为,他喜欢的东西就这么凭空消失了
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And this is the Piagetian theory in very brief form.
这就是皮亚杰理论的大体内容
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Piaget was really big into question and answer, but one problem with this is that children aren't very good with language, and this might lead you to underestimate how much they know.
皮亚杰非常热衷用问与答的方法进行研究,但这里存在的一个问题便是,儿童并未能完全掌握语言,这可能会导致你低估他们的理解能力
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Piaget observed kids would still reach for this.
皮亚杰观察到,婴儿仍然会将手伸向此处
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Piaget's very interesting claim is that kids don't.
皮亚杰认为,婴儿并没有这一概念
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Piaget meant it in a more technical way.
皮亚杰对该词的定义则更为专业
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Before Piaget, nobody noticed these conservation findings.
在皮亚杰之前,没有人注意到守恒
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And Piaget's claim was one reason why they're surprised at peek-a-boo is you go-- you look at a kid, the kid's smiling and go, "Oh, peek-a-boo," and you close--and you cover your face and the kid says, "He's gone."
皮亚杰认为,他们对捉迷藏感到惊奇的一个原因便是,你凭空消失了,你看着婴儿,婴儿会对你笑,然后你和他玩捉迷藏,"躲猫猫",你用双手遮住了你的脸,婴儿会以为,"他不见了"
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And to start with some real examples, a lot of this infant research has gone back to the Piagetian question of object permanence, asking, "Is it really true babies don't know that objects remain even when they're out of sight?"
下面给大家介绍一些实例,许多的婴儿研究都回到了,皮亚杰的客体永存性问题上,去探讨,"婴儿是否真的不知道,物体即使离开视线也仍然是存在的"
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Piaget also discovered that older children fail at a task that's known as the A-not-B task.
皮亚杰还发现,稍大的婴儿无法完成,A非B错误任务
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