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That is to say, it is not a system of signs understood as stable relationships between a concept world and a world of signifying.
也就是说，它不是一个符号系统，这个符号系统被理解为,概念世界和指示世界间的稳定的关系。
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All of that somewhat complicates the picture, but at the same time, I think you can see that there is a connection between those semiotic systems.
这理解起来可能很复杂，但是你们还是能看到,这些符号系统间的一些联系。
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Delta v is positive in this direction here, the work is negative. So work on the system is positive. Work done by the system is negative.
功是负的，总而言之,外界对系统做功的符号为正。
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Then we realize once again that we can only know what it is if we come to understand--in this case, probably, it's best to say a cultural system, understood as a semiosis, within which it appears.
这样我们就又明白了,只有在一个特定的文化系统中,我们才能认识一个符号。
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This, by the way, is a way of showing the fact that everything which appears in a semiotic system is conventional, right?
这也表明了,任何在符号系统中出现的符号都要符合惯例？
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So, the system does work on the surroundings, hence the minus sign.
系统对环境做功，因此符号是负的。
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Other systems: the gestures that mimes use, semaphores, are all semiotic systems.
其他的系统，比如手势，模仿，信号，他们都是符号系统。
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Well, that's because it's actually not a gross constituent unit in a semiotic system, right?
哈哈，这是因为,红灯不是这一符号系统的一个完整单元？
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I think they should actually show us a little bit more about how we can understand the organization of the things around us and within us as systems of signs.
我认为这个问题值得继续思考,我们怎样认识我们周围的事物？,我们怎样认识周围的符号系统。
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That great deal of specificity implies that heat is also path-dependent and again we have the convention that if heat is added to the system, the quantity is greater than zero.
热也是与路径有关的,根据通常的习惯,如果我们对系统加热，其符号取为正。
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I think the more we think about it, the more we realize that we only know what it is if we know the system that it belongs to, which is to say, all of the things related to it which it is not. Right?
你们越仔细想这一点，就越明白，我们只有知道事物所属的符号系统,才能认识事物，所有事物都是和同一符号系统中的反面相关的？
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I am going to be turning to the second passage on the sheet in which something about the nature of these systems, I think, can be made clear.
我将会将上面第二页的东西,关于符号系统的本质。
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this is perhaps the most interesting thing because it forces us to show the complexity, to see the complexity, of semiotic relationships: a red light, just to return to the Christian holiday, a red light on a Christmas tree.
现在我们讲到了一个耐人寻味论点,这个问题迫使我们要思考，符号系统之间复杂的联系：,当我们再圣诞节时看到红灯，圣诞树上的红灯。
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So let me just return once again to the way in which sign systems are intelligible because lots of- there are going to be lots of moments in a course like this in which what we seem to be saying is that, "Oh, we can't know anything," or "We don't know what we know," or "How do we know what we know?"
现在让我们回到,怎样理解符号系统的话题上-,这个学期你们会有很多时候觉得,天哪，我们什么也认识不了“,或者，哎，我们其实并不了解我们以为理解的事“
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Convention, OK, this negative sign is just a pure convention. You just got to use it all the time. If you use an old textbook, written when I was taking thermodynamics, they have the opposite convention, and it's very confusing. But now we've all agreed on this convention, and work is going to be with the negative sign here.
系统对外界做功的符号为负,这就是我们,在本课中的规定，纯粹出于统一符号的需要，有些教科书中，可能会使用相反的符号规定,注意不要混淆了，这门课上,我们将一直使用。
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