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And the Aristotelian view held for a long time, but eventually it started to crumble in the light of more data.
而亚里士多德的观点在很长时间里得到了认同，但最终还是崩溃了,在越来越多的数据面前。
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int So, primitive type besides those three types, we have ints which are just integers which are similarly 32 bits.
除了这三种类型外，还有一种最原始的数据类型,32比特整数。
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I should just say that the data i just gave you is real data but it's actually mixed ability data.
我强调一点我给你们的数据是真实数据,但是它是综合了各种能力后的数据
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Though we have to have not just the generic program, but the specific data files and databases and so forth.
虽然我们不仅有通用程式，还有特别的数据文档和数据库等等。
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I wanted to show an example with real data that I computed and that's what's up on the screen.
我用真实的数据做了一个案例,请看上方的屏幕。
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Right, so the fundamental idea then, is, I want to glue together information, I want to take pieces of data that naturally belong together, glue them together, and attach some methods to it.
放在一起的数据拿出来，把它们放到一起，然后把一些方法附加上去,这些，你知道的，是很长的一个定义，让我们来看个例子吧。
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I found all these databases of this information, although this was after the fact.
我发现了这些信息的数据库，尽管这有点事后诸葛亮。
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This is old data now, from 1995, but I don't think it's changed very much.
这是个很久的数据了,来自一九九五年,但我不认为这会有多大改变
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But in China the numbers look like this, and in India they look this.
而如今,中国的数据是这样的,印度的数据就是这样的
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Sometimes you get data that throw you off.
有时候你们得到一些你们认为无用的数据。
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There's all sorts of databases of different faces from around.
这是我们周围,不同面部表情的数据库。
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Alright, so it turns out there're two other useful types that you don't get for free out of the box.
我们还是回到这里，还有两种很有用的数据类型,这两种都不用担心内存不足。
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Number three, pointer assignment, takes one pointer and changes it to point to the same pointee as another pointer so after the assignment the two pointers will point to the same pointee.
第三条，指针赋值，使一个指针,指向另外一个指针所指向的数据,赋值过后，两个指针会指向,同样的数据。
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In fact to write a run those same experience-- those same experiments now with the even greater volume of data computers are now producing I'd probably have terabytes worth of data and at that point things just would have broken.
事实上-,目前使用大量数据的相同实验中,计算机会产生,兆兆字节的数据,那时，一切都有可能遭到破坏。
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We transition to actually real world applications later on like a compression-- how do you take a huge amount of data ; and actually whittle it down into something more manageable; something that uses less of your disk space.
然后我们会讲生活中的应用程序,比方说压缩文件——,把大量的数据分解使其更易管理;,并占用尽量少的磁盘空间。
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The semantics was what caused the problem, because the operator was expecting a particular kind of structure there.
引起问题的是语义，因为运算符需要的是,一种特定种类的数据结构。
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Well the idea of a hash, in fact, what's called a hash function is to have some way of mapping any kind of data into integers.
我要怎么做？实际上想法还是哈希,通过一个哈希函数,把任何种类的数据都映射成整数。
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.. The equity premium is the-- 2.8% this short-term 2.8% is the riskless return, historically, for a period of almost 200 years.
股权溢价就是-,这个短期无风险投资收益率是，是根据近200年的数据得出的。
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Cause when you can actually manipulate a computer's memory at this low level, you can steal people's passwords, you can steal their data if you know how that memory is laid out.
因为即使是在这么低的权限下,你也能熟练控制电脑的存储器,你就可以窃取别人的秘密，如果知道相应数据位于哪里的话,你也能窃取别人的数据。
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- >> Is there a data type for representing 1,024 bits or -- >> David: Good question.
>，有没有能表示1024位大小的数据类型或-,>>，大卫：好问题。
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This is useful especially when we get to details like forensics and looking at data on a hard drive, - 'cause if you don't know how much store-- how many bits are composing your file, you're never gonna recover that data or be able to access what you're looking for.
这是很有用的，尤其是在法庭上,查看硬盘驱动器里的数据时，如果你连-,文件有多少比特都不知道，你如何去恢复数据,获取你想要的信息呢。
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I did it myself using my data, but it would always look more or less like this-- slightly different positions if people use different estimates.
这幅图是我根据自己的数据画出来的，有效边界的图形大致就是如此-,随着人们采用不同的估计值,其位置会发生微小的变化。
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So, they started to do collecting of data on mortality and they developed something called actuarial science, which is estimating the probability of people living.
他们开始收集死亡率的数据,并且发展出精算学,用来估算人在各年龄段死亡的概率
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So with an integer, an int data type, you can store any number between 0 and 4 billion roughly.
只要有一个整数，一个int型的数据，就能储存任意一个,位于0到40亿之间的一个数。
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Your data is actually stored on these platters.
你的数据实际上存储在这些磁盘中。
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So the rough numbers for this are as follows and actually later on in the class I'll give you some more accurate numbers, but these will do for now.
大概的数据如下,一会我会提供更精确的数据,我一会儿会给大家更精确地数据,目前为止这些数据就够用
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What about Japan, do they have-- do you think they have uninterrupted?
那日本呢,他们有没有...,你们觉得他们的数据完整吗
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But you can imagine the inability to do that in a big population study with thousands and thousands of subjects, so we have to rely on data like this.
但你们可以想象在一个大样本研究中,不可能对数以千计的研究对象做这种培训,所以我们需要依靠像这样的数据
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The country that has the highest equity premium-- and that's for the whole twentieth century, they couldn't go back to 1802-- the most successful country is Sweden and after that Australia.
拥有最高股权溢价的国家是...,我指整个20世纪期间,他们所用的数据无法追溯到1802年...,股权溢价最高的国家是瑞典,澳大利亚紧随其后
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And so very often I would find myself with gigabytes worth of data, at night I needed to analyze this data and look for this patterns and frankly the reality was sometimes I could spend 10-15 minutes whipping up a little script, a little program that unfortunately would take eight hours or more to run.
我经常会发现十亿字节的数据,晚上我就需要分析这些数据并,找出模型，坦白说，有时,我会花10-15分钟来编写一个小脚本，一个小程序,但不幸的是，运行它可能需要8个小时或更多时间。
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