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There were a few things I didn't get to finish last time in talking about particularly gene transfer in mammals.
我们还有一些上次未完成的内容要讲,尤其是哺乳动物的基因导入
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If you could introduce that gene you'd make the chemical, in this case it's a protein called vascular endothelial growth factor.
通过导入一种生成特殊化学物质的基因,这种疗法中指的是一种蛋白,叫做血管内皮生长因子
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It imports it into our database and does some fancy indexing as we'll call it later in the term to make searches more efficient.
将它导入到我们的数据库中，并进行一些变址,这将在后期会提到,它可以使查找更高效。
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The philosophic city is introduced as a metaphor to help us understand the education of the soul.
哲学之城的导入,是要作为一种隐喻,协助我们了解灵魂的教育。
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Why is this much nice? Well, that's a handy piece of code. Because imagine I've got that now, and I can now store that away in some file name, input dot p y, and import into every one of my procedure functions, pardon me, my files of procedures, because it's a standard way of now giving me the input.
为什么这样很好呢？,这是一段很好用的代码,因为想象下如果我有了这段代码,我能把它用某个文件名保存起来,后缀是。py，导入到所有的处理函数中,抱歉，我的处理文件,因为这是一个标准的输入方法。
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The problem is the same, how do I get the gene that I want into only the cells that I want?
同样的问题又来了,怎样准确地,把目的基因只导入特定细胞呢
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You could potentially treat cystic fibrosis by providing the correct gene and providing it to all the cells of the lung epithelium.
一种可能的治愈方法是,把正确的基因,导入所有肺上皮细胞
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Here, a concept is to introduce a gene that causes the process of new blood vessel growth.
看这儿,一种疗法是导入,可以促进新血管生成的基因
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This example here, the idea is to introduce a gene into tumor cells of a tumor.
这里的这个例子思路是,将一个基因导入肿瘤组织的肿瘤细胞中
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The question of censorship and the telling of lies is introduced, in other words, as a question of military necessity, controlling the guards or the auxiliaries of the city, its warrior class.
审查的问题,及说谎的导入，换句话说，就像军备的问题，控制守卫人员,或说是城市的后备，战士阶级。
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They can insert genes into non-dividing cells and cause those genes to be expressed.
它使基因导入没有分裂的细胞,并使其表达
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One way that that's done is by introducing genes into cancer cells, genes that aren't normally expressed in any mammalian cell, but that will cause the cancer cell to die.
已经成功应用的一种方法是,将基因导入癌细胞,而这种基因通常不在哺乳动物细胞中表达,但是可以导致癌细胞的死亡
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This is a way of introducing cytotoxicity or cell killing ability into a cell, and that's been used to treat many kinds of cancers, particularly cancers of the brain.
这种方法常用来导入细胞毒素,或者赋予细胞杀伤其他细胞的能力,以治疗多种癌症,特别是脑癌
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You can see that it would be problem here if the gene that you were trying to give to the cancer cells also went to normal cells-- that would be a problem.
这确实是个问题,如果我们想导入癌细胞的自杀基因,也能进入正常细胞,那问题就大了
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Viruses, in particular, are very effective at delivering their viral DNA into cells.
特别是病毒,可以高效地将自身的病毒DNA导入细胞
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Socrates introduces the problem of thumos by a story, a particularly vivid story that I hope you all remember, where in Book IV he tells the story about Leontius at the walls.
苏格拉底透过一个故事来导入，Thumos，的问题,一个特别生动的故事,我希望你们能都记下，在第，IV，册时,他告诉我们关于，Leontius，从墙外走来的故事。
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This concept of introducing foreign genes, genes that are made of recombinant DNA into animals using this kind of technique is widely used in biomedical research.
这种通过基因重组,来向动物体内导入外源基因的方法,广泛应用于,各种生物医药的研究中
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You already have an adult organism and you'd like to get the gene transferred.
你现在面对的是一个成年人,你想把基因导入他体内
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Basically, you're introducing this gene into cells that when you give the right inactive drug that will cause the cell to make chemicals that kill it.
概括来说,当你把这个自杀基因导入,含有特定未激活药物的细胞时,二者作用就使细胞生成了,可以杀死自己的化合物
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It's a gene that allows you to deliver a drug that's not active but the gene causes that active - that inactive drug to be converted into an active form that kills the cell.
这一方法利用该基因激活,另一种已经导入细胞的非活性药物,来杀死肿瘤细胞
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These are two examples I just gave you of introducing genes that affect the life of a cell, either by making it express a protein that it's not making properly that's important to its life, or by intentionally killing a cell by having it express a fatal gene.
刚才我所举两个例子,都只是影响单一细胞生命过程的,无论是使无法正常表达的重要蛋白,正常表达也好,或是有意地,导入致命的基因杀死细胞也好
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This solves a major problem which I'm going to talk about just at the beginning of class here in a slide or two, is how to get DNA into cells?
这解决了我要讲到的一个主要问题,就是在这节开始的一两张幻灯片中要讲的,怎样将DNA导入细胞的问题
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Now, in other cases you might want to introduce a gene that's not even normally present in people.
但另外一些情况还需要导入,人类细胞中原来没有的基因
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It is introduced further by the claims of Socrates to control, to censor, to control the poetry and the arts of the city.
并由苏格拉底,关于控制，审查城市的诗学,与艺术进一步导入。
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Now, all you have to do is introduce that virus into an organism and the virus will do what it naturally does, which is infect some cells.
剩下你要做的就是将之导入某个生物,病毒自己就会做好自己的本分,也就是去感染细胞
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This is the slide that I left on last time and the idea here was to use plasmids, which I talked about last Thursday, to introduce genes into animals.
这是我上节课没讲完的一张幻灯片,这里的思路是利用,上周四所讲过的质粒,以将基因导入动物体内
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You can produce animals that have a disease that's similar in some ways to Alzheimer's disease by taking the genes that are involved in Alzheimer's and introducing them into mice, for example.
我们可以创造,带有类似病症的实验动物,比如说通过把阿尔茨海默氏症相关基因,导入小鼠的方法
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You get the idea here, is to deliver the gene that you're interested in directly to the tissue where it's being used and in this case, the idea is to introduce a gene that's missing.
但首先你要明确,这种思路是用来将,某个目的基因直接导入,它原本就能被利用的组织中的,此例中是导入一种缺失的基因
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You have to be able to get the DNA into the cell, it has to be incorporated into a vector of some sort, and the vector has to be compatible with the species and the cells that you've provided the DNA to.
你必须把整合在,某种特定载体上的DNA导入细胞,载体也必须和,受体物种,及细胞匹配
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