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So, what happens with municipal privileges, towns that had municipal privileges, these are eroded and then virtually eliminated by powerful potentates.
地方特权怎么样了,拥有地方特权的城镇又发生了什么,绝对统治者削弱并最终废除了地方特权
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And there's different types of culture, different types of ethnicities, all in different areas of town.
那里有不同的文化和种族，分布在城镇的不同地区。
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So Athens was the polis for Attica, but it was also the polis for all of Attica, all that region around Athens, including villages and farms and other small towns too.
所以雅典是阿提卡地区的城镇，是整个阿提卡地区的城镇，雅典周围的所有地区，包括村庄，农田及其他小镇都属于它。
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In the case of France again, they are the work of a brilliant military engineer called Vauban, v-a-u-b-a-n.
例如法国,在佩皮尼昂 里尔 蒙梅迪等地方,这样的要塞城镇随处可见
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Excavations at Jericho and Ai indicate that both of these towns were ; laid waste at least 200 years before the probable time of Joshua; so there weren't even any walls in Jericho at the time of Joshua.
耶利哥和艾城的挖掘都显示这两个城镇,都在约书亚前200年就已被毁损;,因此在约书亚时期，耶利哥根本就没有城墙。
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The goldsmith in your town writes out a note saying, I will pay to the bearer of this note so much gold, and then the bearer could be anyone.
你居住城镇的金匠写下票据并承诺,我会付给持票人这么多数量的金子,任何人都可以是持票人
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I'm going to contrast that with the situation in Greece after the fall of the Mycenaean world, and I was going to say not just in the Mycenaean towns themselves, but over the entire Aegean Sea and indeed across the Mediterranean.
我将会把它与,迈锡尼文明陨落之后的希腊来做对比,我说的不仅是迈锡尼城镇本身,而是整个爱琴海,乃至整个地中海地区
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It's also an area of town where the public transportation is really, really lacking.
这也是一个公共交通极其缺乏的城镇。
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But it's also a very fashionable part of town.
但它也是城镇的一个时尚区域。
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If you think of two towns down here, Brive,b-r-i-v-e,famous for its rugby, and Tulle,t-u-l-l-e,which is a capital.
如果你可以想起来这儿的两个城镇,布瑞福,b-r-i-v-e,以英式橄榄球运动而负有盛名,图勒,t-u-l-l-e,是一个省的首府
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Again, when you traveling around Europe, if you're lucky to do that, you'll see these big fortified towns.
如果你有幸能周游欧洲的话,你会见到那些大型的要塞城镇
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Avila is one of the most fantastic fortified towns in europe.
它是欧洲最梦幻的要寨城镇之一
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When you go west, however, it stops in the coast of North Africa -the reason being the rest of North Africa is dominated by Carthage.
当你继续西行,希腊的城镇就止于北非沿岸,因为北非的其余领土,都被迦太基人所占领了
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Next time let's talk about identity, and let's talk about one of my favorite topics, the role of the schools in towns and in villages.
下次我们要讲同一性,要讲我最喜欢的一个话题,城镇和农村的学校所扮演的角色
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I would say two-thirds of the coast of the island of Sicily is filled with Greek towns.
那里,我敢说西西里岛三分之二的沿岸,都分布着希腊城镇
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But the people in the outlying villages and towns and farms and everything would pay taxes.
但是生活在周边村庄，城镇及农田的人民,都要交税。
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That's how paper money got started, as bearer notes, because if you had gold with the goldsmith you could spend the note, at least within the town that you live in where the goldsmith was known and had a reputation.
纸币就以不记名票据的形式出现了,如果你的金子存在金匠那里,你可以直接支出这些票据,至少在你所居住的城镇可以这样做,因为金匠在本地有着并众所周知的信誉
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Into some of that space, towns and cities reappeared and with them new supports for freedom.
在那些地方,城市和城镇得以再度兴起,自由的思想也得到进一步发展
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Places like Ur, or Kish, towns that we know back there.
并不像那时的乌尔或者基什,这些我们已知的城镇
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So, anybody by the time history dawns, who lives in the peninsula that is Attica, is Athenian, even if he lives in a village or a good size town sixty miles away; he is still an Athenian.
因此在有文字记载的历史开始出现时,阿提卡半岛的居民就都是雅典人了,哪怕他住在六十英里外的一个小村庄,或者相对较大的城镇中,他仍是雅典人
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In other words, they couldn't just have named towns that used to be Mycenaean, but were still around, so that's why they knew them. No, some towns had disappeared, but the names of those towns show up in the catalog of ships.
换句话说,诗人们仅仅利用,现存的迈锡尼文明城镇的名字,是不可能列出名单的,有些城镇消失了,但它们的名字却出现在《船舶名录》中
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Which is why you can travel right now to Turkey or Syria or Israel or Jordan or Egypt, and you can see excavations of towns, and it's remarkable how they all look so much alike, because they're all inspired by this originally Greek model of the city.
如果你现在去土耳其,叙利亚，以色列，约旦或埃及旅游，就会发现当地考古挖掘出的古城镇，都惊人的相似，因为都是根据古希腊模型建的。
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So what the guy would do is he would say okay you've got--if it was local money if it was from this town if it was New Haven money there were New Haven banks the guy would immediately know what it's worth.
所以，那个人将会做的是说,好的，你的钱-如果它是当地货币,如果来自这个城镇,如果是纽黑文的纸币,当时有纽黑文银行,那么这个人将立刻知道它值多少钱。
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Well, you get some town houses... type things.
你可以得到一些城镇房子……一类的东西。
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It just means a physical place, and what it appears to be is the citadel, the fortress that was the center of the towns that grew up after the Bronze Age, after the collapse of the Mycenaean world.
它只是一个物理上的地名,它看上去像城堡,要塞,是在青铜时代完结,迈锡尼世界崩塌之后,所建立的城镇的中心
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Some scholars have pointed out that in Book II of the Iliad in the section that we call, "The Catalog of Ships," The poet lays out just exactly how many warships came to Troy fromGreece, and just exactly how many came from each town.
有学者指出在《伊利亚特》第二卷,《船舶名录》这一章节中,诗人准确地列出了从特洛伊出发到希腊的,战舰的数量,而每个城镇又各有多少
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The isolation of the Greek towns in the Dark Age gives way increasingly to contact with the east and the south, and when I say the south I really mean Egypt and all around the eastern Aegean Sea.
在黑暗时代孤立希腊城镇,开始逐渐增加与东方和南方的接触,当我的南方,实际上指的是埃及,以及所有东爱琴海的周边地区
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