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We know now that it's caused by a related virus, called vaccinia, remember the virus that causes smallpox is called variola.
我们现在知道这病由一种相关的病毒引起,这种病毒叫牛痘病毒,想想天花病毒也被叫做牛痘病毒
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So, not just a spectrum of viruses, but there's viruses and bacteria and parasites and other microorganisms that can cause disease.
所以,不是只有病毒,还有病毒,细菌,寄生虫,和其它各种微生物都能导致疾病
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In fact, a real powerful virus would skip the respiratory system altogether, even better than a cold virus.
事实上，真正强有力的病毒,会跳过呼吸系统，比感冒病毒好的多。
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So, that was a naturally occurring attenuated virus that could be produced into a vaccine that didn't cause the disease.
因为天花病毒存在天然的衰减病毒,这种衰减病毒可以用来,直接生产不致病的疫苗
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The virus is not killed so It's a live virus, which is actually going to infect your intestinal system and reproduce.
病毒没有被杀死,那么它就是活性病毒,也就意味着它将会,侵入你的肠道系统并且会繁殖
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The cells would be basically little reactors for generating lots of virus so you could make lots of virus to study.
这些细胞会变成增殖反应堆,从而产生大量病毒,由此可以得到大量供研究的病毒
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You would first get exposed in children-- in childhood and then at a point when you're susceptible to the disease.
在儿童期这个较容易受病毒感染时期,第一次接触该病毒,就会引起发病
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Hepatitis is a virus that specifically affects the liver, so viruses are often specific to certain kinds of cells.
肝炎病毒就可以特异性的感染肝细胞,因病毒通常都有细胞特异性
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They found that certain cells, in particular, epithelial cells from monkey kidneys, were very effective at propagating the virus.
他们发现有些细胞,尤其是在猴肾脏的上皮细胞中,这种病毒能够有效地增殖
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Retroviruses, for example, can only insert - can only transduce and express their DNA in cells that are dividing.
就以逆转录病毒为例,它们只能在分裂阶段的细胞里,转导并表达自己的基因
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Like we talked about with insulin; make large quantities of this recombinant viral protein, and use that as a vaccine.
就像我们讲过的胰岛素,生成大量重组的病毒蛋白,并将其作为疫苗使用
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That's important, too, because you need to be able to tell if the virus is present in the human population.
这一点也非常重要,因为你要能够分辨出,人群中是否有人感染了天花病毒
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If you just introduced this polio virus, which you could make in large quantities into people now, you would be causing polio.
如果你直接接种脊髓灰质炎病毒,将大量的病毒直接接种到人体,就会引起小儿麻痹症
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The government, after this time, did issue contracts to manufacturing companies to produce new quantities of the virus.
在此事件之后,美国政府,和病毒生产企业签了,生产一些病毒的合同
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AIDS is a tremendous problem, deaths from HIV infection and AIDS a tremendous problem in Africa and other parts of the world.
艾滋病是一个巨大的问题,在非洲和世界其他地方,艾滋病毒感染和艾滋病带来的死亡,是一个巨大的问题
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And so even people that got vaccinated, most of us either have questionable or no protection against the virus at this point.
所以就算那些接种过天花疫苗的人,到那时候也不一定,或者压根无法抵御病毒
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You would have this initial response, now that initial response might be too slow to prevent you from getting chickenpox.
你对水痘病毒产生初始应答,这种初始应答可能,过于缓慢,无法预防水痘
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It's really just the result of the virus dividing within cells of your skin, and producing a lot of dead cells.
这便是病毒在皮肤细胞内部,分裂的结果,这个过程会产生大量的死亡细胞
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If you can genetically engineer viruses like this and viruses have all those good properties as gene therapy vehicles that I described.
如果你能像我说的这样在遗传上改造病毒,加之病毒具备诸多优点,适合作为基因治疗的载体
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So, this is a cell that's infected with a microorganism, it's infected with a virus, let's say it's infected with influenza virus.
这是一个感染了微生物的细胞,它感染了一种病毒,就说是感染了流感病毒吧
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But unlike the Cowpox virus, vaccinea, that we talked about before, this is the real disease causing agent.
但是同我们之前曾讨论过的,牛痘病毒疫苗的不同之处在于,这是可以直接致病的病毒
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They also found some stockpiles of the virus from the 1950s that they still had on an Army base in Maryland,I think.
政府也在马里兰军队驻地发现了,从十九世纪五十年代储存到现在的病毒
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What if you're talking about a group of people that don't have any cows in their vicinity, let alone a sick cow?
万一你遇到一群人,他们附近连头奶牛都没有,更不用说受病毒感染的奶牛
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But because of the similarity of the viruses, the immune response that people developed would also protect them against natural infections with variola.
因为这两种病毒很相像,人体的免疫应答也能保护自己,免受天花的感染
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So, some of these cases were probably due to polio that was transmitted by incompletely killed virus that was present in the vaccine.
因此,那些病例的发病的原因,是被那些疫苗中携带的,没有被完全杀死的病毒感染
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Maybe you don't need the whole virus, but you could just use a piece of the virus,right?
也许你并不需要完整的病毒,你只需使用病毒的一部分
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Children get diseases from a class of viruses called rotaviruses, for which we have no vaccine, and- and so no way to protect them.
儿童因轮状病毒而生病,而我们没有针对这种病毒的疫苗,所以,所以我们没有办法保护儿童
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They basically make many, many copies of their DNA and they make all of their viral proteins and they assemble into new viral units.
它们会生成不计其数的病毒基因拷贝,并翻译生成病毒蛋白,组装成新的病毒单位
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So, Hepatitis is already infecting cells of their liver, their liver is actively making new virus.
乙肝病毒已经感染了他们的肝细胞,他们的肝脏正在迅速地产生新的病毒
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You infect them with the virus, and you let the cells, in culture, produce the virus.
再用病毒感染它们,使培养基中的细胞产生病毒
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