The kinds of viruses that we get when we have colds are very good at infecting the respiratory system.

我们感冒时感染的各种感冒病毒,就非常精于感染呼吸系统

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And this is what's characteristic of smallpox, is that as the virus spreads through your body, it particularly, it particularly affects cells of your skin.

这是天花的特征,当病毒传遍全身时,它特别的,特别地作用于皮肤细胞

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From this point of view then, the reason why you sneeze when you have a cold is that your cold the cold virus is using your body as a tool to replicate itself.

从这个角度看，感冒时打喷嚏是因为,感冒病毒用你的身体繁衍后代。

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This was not a naturally occurring attenuated virus as used in smallpox, but a virus that was attenuated in the laboratory, basically by propagating it in culture and looking for mutants that were formed as you propagated this virus under different experimental conditions.

这不是在制造天花疫苗时,使用的那种天然减毒病毒,而是一种在实验室中被人工弱化的病毒,基本上是通过在细胞中培养繁殖后,从这些培养出来的病毒中挑选出,不同实验环境下的变异体

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So, it's more effective because it's a live virus but it's a little bit more concerning because it's a live virus as well, in that you trust that it's attenuated but could it convert back to a virulent form or a form that caused a disease.

因此,口服疫苗更加有效,因为它是活性病毒,但又是因为这一点,人们也存有更多顾虑,当它处于减毒状态时你会信任它,但是它会不会转变回,强毒壮态或者致病状态呢

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The other thing that it does is that when a virus is inside these cells making its proteins, some of those proteins get processed or digested into small fragments that are themselves antigens.

HC的另一项作用是,当病毒在细胞内表达蛋白时,一些蛋白被加工,或者,分解成小片段而成为抗原

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So, when the right signal is received, the right T-cell finds your host cell with a foreign virus in it, the first thing that happens is that this T-cell becomes activated and it starts reproducing, making more copies of itself.

所以 当接收到正确的信号,恰当的T细胞寻觅到,感染外源病毒的细胞时,首先发生的是,T细胞被激活并开始增殖,制造更多自身拷贝

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