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They found that certain cells, in particular, epithelial cells from monkey kidneys, were very effective at propagating the virus.
他们发现有些细胞,尤其是在猴肾脏的上皮细胞中,这种病毒能够有效地增殖
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Retroviruses, for example, can only insert - can only transduce and express their DNA in cells that are dividing.
就以逆转录病毒为例,它们只能在分裂阶段的细胞里,转导并表达自己的基因
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The cold virus has evolved just as much as you evolved.
病毒也在进化像你一样。
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You would first get exposed in children-- in childhood and then at a point when you're susceptible to the disease.
在儿童期这个较容易受病毒感染时期,第一次接触该病毒,就会引起发病
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In other cases, the virus propagates in such high numbers that release is literally an explosion of the cell.
在另一些时候,病毒的数量相当大,那么释放病毒就会使细胞的爆裂
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So, it's awkward to have to wait for a cow to get infected before you can vaccinate a population.
在给人们预防接种之前,你只有干等着,直到有一头奶牛感染了病毒才行
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The government, after this time, did issue contracts to manufacturing companies to produce new quantities of the virus.
在此事件之后,美国政府,和病毒生产企业签了,生产一些病毒的合同
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AIDS is a tremendous problem, deaths from HIV infection and AIDS a tremendous problem in Africa and other parts of the world.
艾滋病是一个巨大的问题,在非洲和世界其他地方,艾滋病毒感染和艾滋病带来的死亡,是一个巨大的问题
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It could have been corrupted because a virus was inside of it so it was making foreign proteins.
细胞被损害的原因是,病毒在其中生产了外源蛋白
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You could use cell culture, so you don't have to grow the virus naturally in animals.
你可以利用细胞培养技术,那你就不必在动物身上培养病毒
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Then, you could get the Hepatitis B protein expressed in your cells.
那样的话,就可以令,乙肝病毒蛋白质在细胞中进行表达
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In that case, we took the gene for the Hepatitis B protein.
在此种情况下,我们将乙肝病毒的基因同蛋白质外壳分离
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They can reproduce and so you only need to give a few of them in order to make many, many inside the body.
它们能自我复制,所以只需少量病毒,就能在体内产生大量的病毒
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In this case, it might be a piece of a virus that's replicating inside this cell.
在这种情况下,有可能是,病毒的一部分已经开始在这些细胞中复制
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So, how could you produce--the question is, how could you produce large quantities of this- of this microorganism, this virus vaccinia under controlled conditions?
问题是该怎么进行生产,你怎么大批量生产这种微生物,即在可控条件下生产牛痘病毒
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You could imagine that you've got virus that's propagating inside your cells, making more and more virus, your immune system really responds well to that.
你可以想象,病毒在你的体细胞内繁殖,数量越来越多,你的免疫系统对此反应非常之强烈
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Right, but if you just got the primary exposure, wouldn't the secondary response automatically-- not a booster shot, just the secondary response, because you were exposed?
但这时你已经获得这样的初次免疫,而因为你已经天然感染过该病毒,那么,在没有加强针的情况下,二次免疫是否无法自动发生
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A group of scientists, mainly in Boston found, importantly, that they could cultivate the polio virus, the disease causing polio virus; they could cultivate it in cell culture.
在波士顿有一队科学家有了重大发现,他们可以培养脊髓灰质炎病毒,也是就引发小儿麻痹症的病毒,他们可以通过细胞培养来孵育这种病毒
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Because it's passed by-- can be passed by an oral route it's a disease that's very effectively transmitted in school settings where children are together, or childcare settings.
因为脊髓灰质炎病毒可以,经口传染途径进行传播,因此它是一种,极易在学校传播的疾病,在这些地方孩子们都聚集在一起
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In many cases, it affects--it also initiates its infection through the gut.
在很多情况下,它也同样是一种经消化道感染病毒
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But variola, which causes smallpox in humans, and vaccinia, which causes a disease called cowpox in cattle, turned out to be, we now know, viruses that are molecularly very similar.
但是导致天花的人痘病毒,和导致牛痘,的牛痘病毒,后来发现其实是,我们现在知道,这两种病毒在分子水平上十分相似
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Release of tens of thousands, hundreds of thousands of new virus particles from one individual cell such that the cell gets killed in the process of replicating the virus.
从一个独立的细胞中,释放出数以万计甚至,数以十万记的新病毒,这会使细胞就会在,病毒复制的过程中被杀死
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These released particles can now go on and infect neighboring cells, they can travel in the bloodstream to infect cells at a distance and the virus spreads throughout a multicellular host.
这些释放出的病毒颗粒,可以继续感染邻近的细胞,它们可以随着血流去感染远距离的细胞,于是病毒可以在多细胞宿主体内全面扩散
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Now, normally that's a good thing because if you're out in the world and you get infected with adenoviruses you recover from it, your immune system can get rid of it.
通常情况下这是好事,这可以让暴露在户外的你,免于腺病毒的侵害,你的免疫系统可以清除病毒
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There are even some military personnel now who get immunized against smallpox in the event that when they're going into areas, they might be exposed when they're in combat areas.
现在有些军人甚至已经接种天花疫苗,以使他们在战场上,免受天花病毒的威胁
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One is in the U.S.at the Centers for Disease Control, where there is a sample of variola, which is kept, you know, frozen on ice in a heavily guarded facility.
一个在美国的疾病控制中心,那有一支天花病毒的样本,冰冻后置于重重保护之下
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So, you would grow these monkey kidney cells in culture, you would add some virus to the culture broth, the cells would become infected, the virus would go through its life cycle.
我们在培养基中培养这些猴肾细胞,然偶加入一些脊髓灰质炎病毒,这样细胞就会被感染,病毒开始不断繁殖
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Yeah, so for example, you get exposed to-- before there was a vaccine your brother or sister had chickenpox, and so you got exposed to chickenpox naturally through your contact with them.
举个例子来说,如果你生活在这样的环境里,兄弟姐妹们还没接种疫苗就得了水痘,而你通过与他们相接触,在自然情况下接触到了水痘病毒
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That infection occurs because of a ligand receptor interaction on the cell surface where the virus itself is the ligand and it takes advantage of a receptor that's expressed on the cell surface.
感染的发生是由于,配体与细胞表面受体相互作用,病毒是配体,它利用了在,细胞表面表达的受体
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Jonas Salk, who probably you've heard the name, was a physician who, at the time thought, "Well if we can make large quantities of this virus then perhaps we can make it into a vaccine."
乔那斯?索尔克,你们可能听说过他,他是一名内科医生,在当时认为,如果我们可以制造大量病毒,那么我们或许可以使其转化为疫苗
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