They can't always neutralize viruses because the viruses are predominantly inside cells.

抗体不是总能中和病毒,因为病毒主要在细胞中

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

And then they found that they could freeze-dry this preparation of virus, and freeze-drying to lower the temperature, freeze it, then extract out all the water, so you're left with a powder, basically a powdered form of the virus, that could be shipped all over the world, and then reconstituted by adding water to it.

研究者们发现可以冷冻干燥这些病毒制剂,冷冻干燥就是就是降低温度,冷冻病毒,然后提取出所有水份,然后就剩下一些粉末,这主要是粉末状的病毒,这样就能将它运往全世界,并可以通过加水来恢复病毒的活性

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

We talked about host cells that are perhaps infected with a virus, displaying pieces of that virus, antigenic pieces of that virus in the context of a surface receptor called MHC-1, presenting that.

我们说到过,可能受到病毒感染的宿主细胞,表现出病毒的一部分特征,病毒的抗原部分,其表面受体称为主要组织相容性抗原-1,MHC-1负责呈递抗原

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选