We know now that it's caused by a related virus, called vaccinia, remember the virus that causes smallpox is called variola.

我们现在知道这病由一种相关的病毒引起,这种病毒叫牛痘病毒,想想天花病毒也被叫做牛痘病毒

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They're going to release a viral agent that will kill half of this country.

他们会释放出一种病毒，让这个国家一半的人丧命。

There is 实战 - SpeakingMax英语口语达人

So, this is a cell that's infected with a microorganism, it's infected with a virus, let's say it's infected with influenza virus.

这是一个感染了微生物的细胞,它感染了一种病毒,就说是感染了流感病毒吧

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But because of the similarity of the viruses, the immune response that people developed would also protect them against natural infections with variola.

因为这两种病毒很相像,人体的免疫应答也能保护自己,免受天花的感染

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This is a life cycle of a particular class of viruses called retroviruses.

这里是称为逆转录病毒的一种特殊病毒的,生命周期

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And so in the 1940s, a group of people led by Collier started to develop a large scale production method for making a reliable source of vaccinia virus.

在二十世纪四十年代,科利尔带领一群人开始研究,一种大规模的生产方法,这种方法能制得牛痘病毒的可靠来源

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So, you cross link all the proteins in the virus, and you make a particle that looks like a virus but it can't act like a virus any longer because it can't replicate.

当病毒中所有的蛋白质交联后,就得到了一种看上去像病毒,却无法致病的病毒,因为这种病毒不能进行复制

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And they also developed a very reliable way for introducing the virus, so that when they had a defined preparation of virus, then you want to make sure that everybody gets it in their skin in the right way.

他们还发明了一种可靠的方法来引入病毒,当人们有了确定的病毒制剂之后,就要要保证这些制剂都以正确的方式,注射至皮下

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Particularly, if we took advantage of the fact that this is a virus that's easily transmitted orally and could you make a vaccine that would be effective orally as well, that would be a tremendous advantage, especially in children who don't like to get shots.

尤其是,如果我们可以利用这种病毒,很容易经口传播这一事实,制造出一种,可以通过口服而起到同样效果的疫苗,那么这将是一个巨大的飞跃,特别是对于那些不喜欢打针的孩子

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We have techniques of recombinant DNA, and those can be used to produce either modified viruses, we'll talk about that.

我们拥有重组DNA技术,它可以用来生产任一种减毒病毒,这个以后会再讲

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You know about retroviruses, the most famous and important one at this time is HIV, which is a retrovirus.

你们应该听过逆转录病毒吧,现下最为知名而重要的 HIV,就是一种逆转录病毒

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HIV is a member of the family of viruses called retroviruses, and retroviruses all use RNA as their genetic material.

IV是一种逆转录病毒,所有逆转录病毒均以RNA作为遗传物质

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This might be a polio virus, for example. The example I've given here is a virus that contains DNA as its genetic material.

例如 这个应该是,小儿麻痹症病毒,我曾在这里展示过,一种将DNA作为遗传物质的病毒

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Remember that the lucky thing about the smallpox vaccine was that a naturally occurring attenuated form of the smallpox virus variola called vaccinea was found.

对于天花病毒来说,幸运的是,存在一种自然发生的,被称作痘苗病毒的,天花病毒的衰减疫苗

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We've talked about killing a virus by cross-linking it, for example, to make a substance that looks like a vaccine-- looks like a virus but can't replicate.

例如,我们谈论过,通过蛋白交联来杀死病毒,以便制造出一种类似疫苗,应该是类似病毒但却无法进行复制的物质

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In many cases, it affects--it also initiates its infection through the gut.

在很多情况下,它也同样是一种经消化道感染病毒

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Because it's passed by-- can be passed by an oral route it's a disease that's very effectively transmitted in school settings where children are together, or childcare settings.

因为脊髓灰质炎病毒可以,经口传染途径进行传播,因此它是一种,极易在学校传播的疾病,在这些地方孩子们都聚集在一起

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But variola, which causes smallpox in humans, and vaccinia, which causes a disease called cowpox in cattle, turned out to be, we now know, viruses that are molecularly very similar.

但是导致天花的人痘病毒,和导致牛痘,的牛痘病毒,后来发现其实是,我们现在知道,这两种病毒在分子水平上十分相似

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HIV, HIV is a natural virus that contains an enzyme in it.

IV,HIV是一种自然病毒,里面有一种酶

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