One can stop spread of disease through a community without being 100% effective in each person who gets the vaccine.

疫苗能够遏制疾病在整个社区中传播,虽然对于每个人来说它并非百分之百有效

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Separating our water supply from sewage and learning how to do wastewater treatment was a really important part of reducing infectious diseases.

把净水和污水分开,以及学会污水处理的方法,是减少感染性疾病传播方法中的重要部分

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

That had a remarkable effect on reducing transmission of infectious diseases, in doctor's offices and hospitals.

这显著的减少了,在医生的办公室和医院内部,感染性疾病的传播

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

The problem with it is that you also can spread other diseases in that way.

这个方法的问题是,其它疾病也会通过这种方式来传播

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

So, this is the stage at which you prevent disease in the Salk vaccine.

那么,这就是索尔克氏疫苗,防止疾病传播的方法

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Because it's passed by-- can be passed by an oral route it's a disease that's very effectively transmitted in school settings where children are together, or childcare settings.

因为脊髓灰质炎病毒可以,经口传染途径进行传播,因此它是一种,极易在学校传播的疾病,在这些地方孩子们都聚集在一起

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

We'll think about it in section, how you don't need to vaccinate everybody, but you just need to vaccinate a critical number in order to stop the disease from progressing through a community.

我们在讨论会上讲这个,为什么不需要给每个人都接种,但你只需要让接种人数达到一个临界值,就能阻止这个疾病在社会中传播

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

None of these do we have vaccines for, and it's turned out that sexually transmitted diseases for a variety of reasons, we'll come back to later, are particularly difficult to develop vaccines for.

这些病我们都没有疫苗,已经证明,对于性传播疾病,有很多原因使得,我们稍后回来再讲,针对这类疾病的疫苗特别难做出来

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

As we'll see in section today, a vaccine does not have to be totally perfect in order to prevent transmission of a disease, because when a disease enters a community its spread from one person to another.

有如我们今天看到的,疫苗不一定非要,绝对完美地阻止疾病的传播,因为当疾病侵入一个社区后,会在人群间传播

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选