So, that's another example of the difference between a vaccine that works, and a vaccination that works, right?

所以,这个例子讲的是研发疫苗和,研究疫苗接种的不同之处,对吗

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

And that person who really studied it systematically, and is given credit for developing the first vaccine, is a Scottish physician named Edward Jenner.

而那个系统研究疫苗,并被誉为发明了第一支疫苗的人,叫爱德华?詹纳,是苏格兰的一名医生

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

You want to give it to people in different communities, to make sure that it works in all the subpopulations where the vaccine's potentially valuable.

研究者希望将疫苗分接种于不同人群,以确保疫苗适用于所有人,这样才能体现疫苗的价值

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Then, they did preliminary studies of safety and effectiveness in people.

接着,研究人员对疫苗在人体中的,安全性和有效性进行初步研究

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

They had to give some of them the real vaccine and some of them a placebo vaccine in order that they could really tell if the vaccine worked; you have to have it placebo controlled.

研究者们还须给部分孩子接种真正的疫苗,给另外一些孩子接种空白疫苗,以分辨疫苗是否真的有效,所以你必须使用安慰剂作对照

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Now, if I was a person that was designing a vaccine and I noticed that this was the response that it got, that antibodies were produced, they reached some intermediate level, they started to fall, I would say, "Well I haven't stimulated the immune system enough, let me re-boost, let me give another dose of antigen."

现在,如果我正在研究一种疫苗,我注意到机体会对这种疫苗产生应答,也就是会产生抗体,当抗体浓度达到中等水平后,就开始下降,就可以说,疫苗对免疫系统刺激还不足,我需要提高抗原浓度,让我再把剂量再加大一倍

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选