So, this just shows as the vaccine was distributed, given to more people, that prevalence of the disease dropped dramatically.

因此,这表明随着疫苗的推广,以及接种人数的增加,该疾病的患病率显著降低

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

For example, what if you could make a hepatitis vaccine that was good in one shot instead of three shots?

比方说,如果你研制的一种肝炎疫苗,只需接种一次,而不是三次会怎么样

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

You can't go to school in this country, and in many countries, until you've had your prescribed set of vaccinations.

在我国,接种规定的疫苗之前,许多国家也一样,你都不能去上学

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

The clinical trial was designed such that almost two million elementary school children were given this test vaccine.

该临床试验的计划是,向近二百万的小学学生,接种这种测试疫苗

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Availability of this freeze-dried vaccine made it, then, possible to think about vaccinating people all over the world.

冻干疫苗的应用能使医护人员,考虑向全世界人民接种疫苗

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

So, that's another example of the difference between a vaccine that works, and a vaccination that works, right?

所以,这个例子讲的是研发疫苗和,研究疫苗接种的不同之处,对吗

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

And so even people that got vaccinated, most of us either have questionable or no protection against the virus at this point.

所以就算那些接种过天花疫苗的人,到那时候也不一定,或者压根无法抵御病毒

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Well, there's a whole population of people who are younger than me that never got smallpox vaccines, right?

所有比我小的人,都没有接种过天花疫苗,对吧

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Give enough of the vaccine so you have a dose for everybody in the world, or a large fraction of the people.

疫苗的数量,足以让世界上每个人都接种一支,或者让绝大多数人都能接种一支

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

One can also purify parts of the protein, that is, parts of the virus, that is, "Do I really need to deliver the whole virus?"

人们还可以纯化部分蛋白质,也就是病毒的某些部分来制造疫苗,那么还需要接种完整的病毒吗

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Again, these are antibodies that are specific to that antigen or vaccine that we introduced.

我再说一次,这些抗体针对于,我们所接种的抗原或疫苗特异产生

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

The question is "What happens after a vaccine is introduced into the body?"

问题在于,人体在接种疫苗后会发生什么样的变化

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Yeah, so you're asking, if for example, why do you need a booster of tetanus, because if I get exposed to tetanus wouldn't I have this rapid response?

所以你会问,举个例子来说,已经感染过破伤风杆菌的人,为什么仍然需要接种破伤风疫苗,身体不是应该马上对该病菌做出应答吗

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

So, that was the start of the modern practice of vaccination.

而这就是现代疫苗接种实践的开端

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If this was tetanus, you got this tetanus vaccine when you were young; you get a boost every five or ten years because your antibody levels are starting to fall.

以破伤风为例,小时候,你接种过破伤风的疫苗,每隔五年或十年要再接种一次,这是因为体内的抗体浓度会下降

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Others generate a weaker response that does require boosting.

还有一些疫苗产生的免疫应答较弱,这种疫苗就需要再次接种

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Yeah, so for example, you get exposed to-- before there was a vaccine your brother or sister had chickenpox, and so you got exposed to chickenpox naturally through your contact with them.

举个例子来说,如果你生活在这样的环境里,兄弟姐妹们还没接种疫苗就得了水痘,而你通过与他们相接触,在自然情况下接触到了水痘病毒

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

So if you could make a hepatitis B vaccine that didn't require a shot or that didn't require refrigeration, that would be a tremendous advance in spreading that vaccine through the world.

所以如果你可以开发出这样的乙肝疫苗,它不需注射就能接种,或者不需要冷藏,这样的巨大进步,能够将疫苗的使用普及至全世界

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Well, we've all had some experience with vaccines.

其实我们都有接种疫苗的经历

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

So, if you were someone that was getting it after it had been passed through many people, you wouldn't have as strong or as lengthy a protection as the first individual did.

如果一个疫苗经过很多人的传递,再接种到你身上,你不会获得像第一个接受疫苗的人,那样强效持久的免疫效果

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Well, it also illustrates that one of the things you do after you introduce a vaccine, you can't stop there, you have to continually watch what's happening with this disease in your population.

同时,也告诉我们,将疫苗推向公众后,你不能就此放手,你必须得继续观察,接种过疫苗的人中,该疾病的发病情况

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

They had to give some of them the real vaccine and some of them a placebo vaccine in order that they could really tell if the vaccine worked; you have to have it placebo controlled.

研究者们还须给部分孩子接种真正的疫苗,给另外一些孩子接种空白疫苗,以分辨疫苗是否真的有效,所以你必须使用安慰剂作对照

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

So, that's what a vaccine is, and vaccination is the process of taking that vaccine that you've developed and giving it to people, either individual people or groups of people, or as we'll talk about today, people all over the world.

这就是疫苗,接种疫苗的过程就是生产疫苗,并把它分发给大众,不论是给个人还是给群体,或者就像我们今天所说的,给全世界的人民

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

The other thing that I want to do today is try to tie this discussion on vaccines a little bit more closely with what we talked about last week, in terms of what happens inside your body when you receive a vaccine or when you're exposed to an antigen, and how the immune system actually responds to that.

还有就是,我希望可以,把今天关于疫苗的讨论,与我们上周讲过的内容,结合得更紧密一些,当接种疫苗,或者是接触抗原时,人体将会发生怎样的变化,以及免疫系统对疫苗产生何种应答

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So, you didn't know at the beginning, you knew you were enrolled in the trial, they gave you a shot, you didn't know whether you were part of the real group that got the test vaccine or the placebo group that got the control; turned out that Bonnie was part of the control group.

一开始你可能不清楚全过程,你只知道你参与了一项试验,他们给你打了一针,你不知道你是属于接种了,试验疫苗的真实试验组,还是属于被注射了安慰剂的空白对照组,结果显示,邦妮属于对照组

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The memory cells, which are stimulated, lead to an IgG response and that's why IgG is the antibody of-- that is produced predominantly after the boost, but there is some IgM produced also.

记忆细胞受到刺激之后,可以诱发分泌IgG的应答反应,这也是为什么IgG,是接种疫苗后产生的主要抗体,与此同时也刺激产生了一些IgM

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选