He introduced the concept of electronegativity which was a measure, therefore, it is quantitative, of the atom's ability to attract electrons within a covalent bond and developed a scale of electronegativity.

他引入了电负性这一概念,一个反映着原子在成共价键时吸引电子的能力的数据标度，因此这是数量上的，在共价电子中,电子原子能吸引电子,并发展为一定规模的电负性。

麻省理工公开课 - 固态化学导论课程节选

The way that we can figure this out is using something called bond order, and bond order is equal to 1/2 times the number of bonding electrons, minus the number of anti-bonding electrons.

我们可以用叫做,键序的概念来弄明白它，键序等于1/2乘以成键电子,数目减去反键电子数目。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

One way to think about it, if we want to use a classical analogy, which often helps to give us an idea of what's going on, is the spin of an electron, we can picture it rotating on its own axis.

如果我们用一个，经典的比喻来考虑它的话，这经常会帮助我们建立起一些概念，就是我们可以把电子的，自旋想象是它绕着轴自转。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

So the way that we like to think of things now is in terms of electron configurations, right, but at the time that wasn't really understood.

当然我们现在思考,这些更喜欢采用电子排布的观点，但在当时还没有这种概念。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

So all that Bohr, for example, had to go on at this point was a more classical picture of the atom, as you can see on the left side of the screen there, which is the idea that the electrons orbiting the nucleus.

原子的经典图像，你们可以,看到屏幕左边，这是电子，绕着核子旋转，的概念,他已经知道。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

Let's move on to the last topic in terms of this first exam, which is thinking about the idea of isoelectronic atoms, or isoelectronic ions. And isoelectronic is very straightforward, it just means having the same electron configuration.

下面我们继续讲第一次考试的最后一个主题，也就是等电子原子，或等电子离子的概念，“等电子的“是非常直接的表达，它的意思就是具有相同电子排布的。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

This includes atomic radius and the idea of isoelectronic atoms.

包括原子半径,以及等电子原子的概念。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

So we can completely describe an orbital with just using three quantum numbers, but we have this fourth quantum number that describes something about the electron that's required for now a complete description of the electron, and that's the idea of spin.

所以我们可以用３个,量子数完全刻画轨道，但我们有这第四个量子数,来完整的,描述电子，这就是自旋的概念。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

So, that's the idea of isoelectronic ions.

好，这就是等电子离子的概念。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

Soon when we're talking about multi-electron atoms, and I just want to introduce it here, that it is sort of opposing ideas that even though the s is the biggest and it's most likely that the electron's going to be furthest away from the nucleus, that's also the orbital in which the electron can, in fact, penetrate closest.

当我们说多电子原子时，我这里要先介绍一下，这些概念有些相反,虽然ｓ轨道最大,所以电子最可能远离原子核，但它上面的最容易，穿透到离原子核最近。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选