The relationship between heat and work was initially proposed in the 1940's by Joule.

热量和功的关系首先是,由焦耳在1940年提出的。

麻省理工公开课 - 热力学与动力学课程节选

There's something else called quasi-magical thinking, which was a term coined many years later by Eldar Shafir and Amos Tversky.

第七,准神奇式思考,这个术语是多年后,由埃尔德·沙菲尔和阿莫斯·特沃斯基提出的

耶鲁公开课 - 金融市场课程节选

The food guide pyramid was the government's effort, put through by the U.S. Department of Agriculture about what people should eat optimally.

食物金字塔是政府努力的结果,它是由美国农业部提出的,关于人们最佳饮食结构的建议

耶鲁公开课 - 关于食物的心理学、生物学和政治学课程节选

And so sometimes we'll find ourselves thinking, "You know, there's an argument here that Socrates is putting forward.

所以有时候我们会这样想,看,这里有一个论证,是由苏格拉底提出的

耶鲁公开课 - 死亡课程节选

Obviously, he drew upon all sorts of sources and predecessors but psychoanalysis is identified as Freud's creation.

显然，他利用了各种资源,还总结了前人的成果,但精神分析依然被认为,是由弗洛伊德提出的。

耶鲁公开课 - 心理学导论课程节选

This was first posed by German scholars.

它是由德国学者首先提出的。

耶鲁公开课 - 旧约导论课程节选

And this was put up by two people, Max Born and Fritz Haber.

这个是由2个人提出的，马克思，伯恩以及，弗里茨，哈贝。

麻省理工公开课 - 固态化学导论课程节选

Now in the course of this, a student asked a very good question that I should have pointed out a long time ago, and that is: when an orchestra plays or an ensemble plays and they're looking at their music and they're reading their music, do they play a chord?

在这期间，我本该早就提起的，由一个学生提出的非常好的问题是，当管弦乐队演奏或合奏团演出时,他们各个盯着并读自己的那部分乐谱，他们奏出和弦了吗？

耶鲁公开课 - 聆听音乐课程节选

The first stage proposed by Adeimantus is the simple city, what he calls the city of utmost necessity.

由，Adeimantus，提出的第一个阶段是,简约之城，他所谓的本需之城。

耶鲁公开课 - 政治哲学导论课程节选

I wanted to talk about the theory of interest as presented by Professor Irving Fisher at Yale, who is famous for having exposited that.

接下来要讲的是利息理论,是由耶鲁的欧文·费雪教授所提出的,他因阐述这个理论而出名

耶鲁公开课 - 金融市场课程节选

And in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries this progression was viewed as an advance, which is not very surprising because the whole theory was put forward by scholars who were basically western monotheists.

在十八十九世纪，这个演变,被认为是一种进步，这并不奇怪,因为整个理论基本上都是由,西方一神论者提出的。

耶鲁公开课 - 旧约导论课程节选

That term was actually coined by economists, Prescott and Mehra; it's now in general use. That is, it just seems that stocks so much outperform other investments.

这个术语是由经济学家,普雷斯科特和梅拉提出,现在被广泛引用,这表明股票收益远超其他投资

耶鲁公开课 - 金融市场课程节选

These are sort of flailing away at different ideas but another way of doing--an older way is proposed by Plato, who viewed laughter as a form of bonding against a common enemy.

我现在说的都是各种猜想,但从另一个角度看，一个古老的角度,这是由柏拉图提出的，他认为笑是一种巩固感情的形式,对抗共同的敌人。

耶鲁公开课 - 心理学导论课程节选

Here, the relevant thought experiment was suggested by Robert Nozick, a philosopher who died a few years ago, taught for many years at Harvard.

相关的思维实验,由Robert，Nozick提出，一位几年前，过世的哲学家，他曾在哈佛从教多年。

耶鲁公开课 - 死亡课程节选

And then the pyramid that I find most persuasive is the one developed by the folks at Harvard, willett and his colleagues, that's based on all the available science.

下面这个金字塔在我看来是最有说服力的,它是由哈佛的学者威莱特及其同事提出的,该金字塔参考了所有的现有科学理论

耶鲁公开课 - 关于食物的心理学、生物学和政治学课程节选

It was launched in 1948 by The National Heart Institute, that later is now called The National Heart, Lung & Blood Institute, the NHLBI.

这项研究是1948年,由国家心脏病学会提出的,该学会之后更名为,国家心肺血液研究所,简称NHLBI

耶鲁公开课 - 关于食物的心理学、生物学和政治学课程节选

And again, recall this is the theme raised at the beginning of Book II by Adeimantus, who puts forward an idea of self-control, or what he calls self-guardianship as his goal.

不要忘了这个主题是在,第，II册一开始时由，Adeimantus，所提出，他带进了自控的概念，或他称为作为个人目标的自我守护。

耶鲁公开课 - 政治哲学导论课程节选

We can often better understand the dialogues by seeing Socrates as putting forward certain positions that he does not think are altogether adequate.

通过了解那些由苏格拉底提出,但他自己也觉得不充分的观点,我们可以更好地理解这些对话作品

耶鲁公开课 - 死亡课程节选

So, the idea itself was developed in the nicest form by Thorndike who explored how animals learn.

这个观点,是由探究动物如何学习的,桑代克所提出的。

耶鲁公开课 - 心理学导论课程节选

The idea was developed by the social psychologist Leon Festinger and it's called "Cognitive Dissonance Theory."

这个理论由社会心理学家Leon，Festinger提出的,被称为“认知失调理论”

耶鲁公开课 - 心理学导论课程节选