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Basically,some councils in the early church, councils that would be called by the Emperor, for example,by Constantine or his successors.
基本上，早期教会的一些议会，会由皇帝召集，比如君士坦丁或他的继任人。
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I do know someone who is fully supported by the government because he was in the army,
我知道这样一个人。他的学费完全由政府来缴纳，因为之前他在美国军队服役，
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Now, probably the form of power that we most readily associated with John Milton involves his position at the dead center of the English literary canon.
我们最容易由约翰·弥尔顿,联想到的力量形式很可能,与他处在英国文学经典的中心位置有关。
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When Hobbes uses the term "art" there, " "For by art is created," that term is deeply revealing of his purpose.
当霍布斯用“艺术“这个词，“是由艺术造成的,深刻地揭示了他的目的。
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Ephesians was written by a different disciple of Paul, and he was using as his model for a Pauline letter the actual letters of Paul, or at least some of them that he possessed and knew of.
以弗所书则由保罗的另一信徒执笔，他伪造保罗的书信,模板是保罗的书信，或者他所持有的一些保罗的书信。
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But the winning candidate is him so he gets no disutility from the winning candidate being someone else.
但由于他就是获胜者所以他没有,由获胜者是别人而带来的负效应
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That is to say, he is in a certain sense book- and language-determined, and he's obscurely aware that this is his problem even as it's a source of pride for him.
意思就是，某种程度上他的意志是由书籍和语言决定的，他也模模糊糊地明白即便这是他引以为豪的,同时也是他的一个问题。
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We can often better understand the dialogues by seeing Socrates as putting forward certain positions that he does not think are altogether adequate.
通过了解那些由苏格拉底提出,但他自己也觉得不充分的观点,我们可以更好地理解这些对话作品
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But still, it must be with his own consent, I.E. The consent of the majority, " giving it either by themselves, or through their representatives."
但是这仍须得到他自己的同意，即得到大多数的同意，由他们自己或选出的代表所表示的大多数同意“
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He took this pustular fluid that was produced at this very specific phase of the disease, and he developed a way for giving that to people.
他取出脓包中的,由这种,非常特殊的过程产生的液体,他还发明了一种将之接种到人身上的方法
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They're the result of millions of individual decisions at millions of points in time.
他说,"这些疾病是每时每刻,由每个人所作的决定导致的
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This is 1889, under the government of Otto von Bismarck-- although, he has nothing to do with this, it was other people--economists in Germany that invented this idea.
889年时，当时俾斯麦执政德国-,他和这事儿没多大关系，这是由德国的经济学家,想出了这个主意。
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It's a private matter. He decides.
被冒犯的一方，由于是私事，所以由他自己决定。
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He heard a string quartet by a man named Cambini.
他听到一首由坎姆比尼创作的弦乐四重奏
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Indeed, he said in his various pronouncements written for him by someone else that he didn't want to be a king of the old regime, he did not want to turn the clock back to 1788, and that you could combine a modernity with monarchy.
在一篇由人代笔的自我声明中,他表示并不想成为旧有政体的国王,他不想把时间倒退回1788年,完全可以把君主制和现代化结合
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The figure you are quoting in New York times which came out of a report published by a French economist who lives in India John Kenneth. And the article was by Sangota, the New York Times editor.
你从纽约时报,某篇报道上摘下来的数据,出自一名住在印度的法国经济学家,之手，他叫约翰·克南斯,该文章由纽约时报的圣郭特所编辑。
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What he did was coined this. But he found that by taking the reciprocal of the wavelengths, you have four numbers, he took the reciprocals of those wavelengths and found that they fit a numerical sequence.
这些都是由他所做的一切得来的,但是他发现通过取波长的倒数，你有四个数字，他取了这些波长的倒数,发现它们构成了一个数列。
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This is in part because of his character.
这在一定程度上是由他的性格造成的。
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I the singer of Adamic songs" he said it directly "Through the new garden of the West, the great city is calling, as Adam early in the morning, walking forth from the bower, refreshed with sleep; behold me, where I pass, hear my voice."
我是个为亚当的歌曲吟诵的歌手",他直言不讳地说,"穿越西方新的花园,这个伟大的城市在呼唤,正如亚当在一天清晨,由树荫下走出,睡眠使他精神饱满,看着我走过吧,聆听我的声音"
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This was done by Shimomura, and he did this in the 60's and 70's.
这个工作是由Shimomura完成的，他在60年代到70年代完成了这个工作。
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The Republic asks us, what would a city be like if it were ruled by Socrates or someone like him?
理想国》要我们考虑，城邦的面貌,如果它是由苏格拉底或像他的人所统治？
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His complex relationship with Socrates is Alcibiades by the way recounted in the drunken speech that Alcibiades gives in Plato's dialogue Symposium.
他与苏格拉底间,复杂的关系，都由酒醉的,娓娓道来，并记录在柏拉图的,《飨宴篇》辩证中。
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Actually, his death came rather suddenly and he was working on a requiem that someone had commissioned from him under rather mysterious circumstances and he began to think of it as his own requiem, and indeed, he didn't actually finish it.
其实,他的死来的比较突然,那时他正在谱写,由一个神秘人物委托的《安魂曲》,而且他开始把它当成了自己的安魂曲,而事实是,他其实并没有完成这部作品
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The faculty members who were teaching his classes that semester then all faced the question posed to them by the administration, based on the work he's done so far this semester, ? has he--what kind of grade are you prepared to give him?
那个学期给他上课的老师们,都面临这个由学校,摆在他们面前的问题，基于他这个学期至今的表现，他能否，你们打算给他什么样的分数？
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He is appointed or authorized to secure for the people the, in many ways, limited ends of peace and security.
他是由人民任命并授权,让他行使权力保卫人民的安全，保卫来之不易的和平。
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Actually, you would be wrong; the computer was invented in the nineteenth century by Babbage, but he didn't actually make one.
实际上，你们都错了;,电脑是在19世纪由巴贝奇发明的，不过他自己并没有真正的造出一台出来。
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It's a wonderful clarinet solo by someone named Johnny Dodds long dead of course- but it's one of the most beautiful, incredible clarinet solos you'll ever want to hear.
这是一段由强尼·多兹演奏的单簧管独奏,当然他去世很久了,但这是一段最美妙且无与伦比的,单簧管独奏,你非听不可
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Aristotle's Poetics we know actually not to have been one of the texts written by Aristotle but rather to be a compendium of lecture notes put together by his students.
亚里士多德的诗学其实,并不是由他本人写成的,而是有他的弟子编纂的。
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The first five books that deal with and culminate in the best city, Kallipolis Plato's ideal city, what he calls Kallipolis, the just city, the beautiful city, ruled by philosopher-kings.
前五部讲述,书中高潮的所在，柏拉图的理想城市，他称之为，正义之城，美丽之城，由哲学家国王所统治；
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Of course, Darwin was not interested in suspicion but he was certainly the founder of ways of thinking about consciousness that are determined, socio-biologically determined: determined in the realm of cognitive science, determined as artificial intelligence, and so on.
当然，达尔文对怀疑并不感兴趣,但他确实是思考,由社会生物地决定的意识的创始人：,他认为意识被认知科学决定，被人类智慧决定等等。
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