The mathematical theory of probability was unknown until that time and you can see that insurance suddenly made an appearance at that time.

在那之前,概率的数学理论,是不存在的,而随着概率论的出现,保险业也突然出现了

耶鲁公开课 - 金融市场课程节选

It's exactly this theory, but he doesn't have the word probability, which hadn't been invented yet.

这就是我们在讲的理论,但他并没有用概率这个词,因为当时还没有发明这个词

耶鲁公开课 - 金融市场课程节选

Hacking believes that there were many gambling theorists who invented probability theory at various times in history but never wrote it down and kept it as a secret.

哈金相信历史上有很多赌博理论家,曾多次构想了概率论,但从来没有记录下来,并且恐为人知

耶鲁公开课 - 金融市场课程节选

In the second lecture, I talked about the pooling of risks and the basic theme of that lecture was that we now have a mathematical theory, probability theory.

第二课，我讲了风险汇聚及分摊,那节课的主题是,一门数学理论，即概率论。

耶鲁公开课 - 金融市场课程节选

So, it was in the 1600s that probability theory started to get written down as a theory and many things then happened in that century that, I think, are precursors both to finance and insurance.

所以直到十七世纪,概率论,才被记录下来,形成理论,并且在那个世纪里诞生了,金融和保险的雏形

耶鲁公开课 - 金融市场课程节选