The Protestant Reformation, and especially the rising energies of Puritanism in the early seventeenth century, are beginning to do a lot to change this state of affairs.

新教宗教改革，尤其是活力不断上升的清教主义,在17世纪早期，为了改变这种状态开始做出许多努力。

耶鲁公开课 - 弥尔顿课程节选

Your body has elaborate mechanisms for maintaining this state of homeostasis, that is, things staying the same; the body stays the same, homeostasis.

你的身体有许多精妙的机制,来维持内稳态,也就是说体内物质不改变,身体状态不改变,这就是内稳态

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Where your cells experience those states is through these extra cellular ligands called insulin and glucagon.

细胞所经历的这些状态改变是受,胰岛素和胰高血糖素这些外源配体影响

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

It's a switch that from outside can be used to change the life of a cell.

这种来自外源的变化能够改变细胞的状态

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

One way that you could switch this on and off inside the cell is by taking off this phosphorous, proteins enzymes that do this opposite reaction, the opposite to kinases are called phosphokinases.

一种方法是通过去除磷酸基团,来改变细胞内蛋白的状态,催化添加磷酸基团,此逆反应的蛋白酶,能够催化逆反应的激酶叫做磷酸激酶

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

If that protein is an enzyme then you've and you've switched it from an 'off' position where it's not catalyzing a reaction to an 'on' position where it is, you've changed the biochemical state of the cell, you've changed the chemical reactions that can occur within the cell, and you've changed its behavior.

如果这种蛋白是一种酶的话,你就能够将酶从无催化作用的静息态,激活至能催化反应的激活态,你改变了细胞的生化状态,也改变了细胞内发生的化学反应,改变了细胞的行为

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选