Thermodynamicstalks about equilibrium systems and how to go from one state of equilibrium to another state of equilibrium.

热力学研究的是平衡系统,以及如何,从一个平衡态转变到另一个平衡态。

麻省理工公开课 - 热力学与动力学课程节选

and added a structure of math upon it, to build this edifice, which is a very solid edifice of thermodynamics as a science of equilibrium systems.

了这座热力学的坚固大厦，这是一门，平衡态系统,的科学。

麻省理工公开课 - 热力学与动力学课程节选

So, then we go to thermodynamics and chemical equilibrium, and this is really about chemical reactions -- weather a reaction will go, will it be spontaneous, if there an equilibrium, what direction will the reaction be shifted in.

然后我们要讲到热力学和化学平衡,这都和化学反应有关，一个反应是否能发生,是不是能自发反应，如果存在化学平衡，它会朝什么方向移动。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

So it applies to macroscopic systems that are in equilibrium, and how to go from one equilibrium state to another equilibrium state, and it's entirely empirical in its foundation.

因此，热力学研究的是平衡态的宏观系统,以及如何从,一个平衡态过渡到另一个平衡态，它完全是建立在经验的基础上的。

麻省理工公开课 - 热力学与动力学课程节选

You can apply non-equilibrium thermodynamics to economics.

你可以把非平衡热力学,应用于经济学。

麻省理工公开课 - 热力学与动力学课程节选

If it's an equilibrium system, then thermodynamics can describe it.

如果它是个平衡系统，那么热力学就能描述它。

麻省理工公开课 - 热力学与动力学课程节选

So it only talks about equilibrium systems.

因此热力学只研究平衡系统。

麻省理工公开课 - 热力学与动力学课程节选