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These are molecules that exist naturally in cell membranes and are activated by certain enzymes and kinases generated by receptors.
这些分子存在于细胞膜表面,能被受体激活的某种酶或激酶所活化
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What I want you to remember is that specific sub-populations of cells get activated, the activation results in a specific response.
我希望你们记住的是,一些特定的细胞亚群受到刺激时,被激活细胞将引起特定的应答
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Studies using imaging techniques like CAT scans, PET, and fMRI, illustrate that different parts of the brain are active during different parts of mental life.
应用电脑断层扫描,正电子发射断层扫描,以及功能性核磁共振成像,等成像技术的研究,表明不同的心理活动,会导致不同大脑区域的激活
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This is something poetry can activate and draw upon.
这是诗歌可激活和利用的。
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But just realize as a teaser coming for problem set 1 will be instructions on how to activate your so called cloud account and it's on the CS50 cloud that you'll be writing your programs, compiling your programs, testing your programs, running your websites ultimately.
如果大家觉得难的话,习题集1上有一些说明，教你如何,激活你的云账户,因为你们只有在CS50云上才能编写程序，编译，检测，并最终运行。
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So, this pathway might not be the only one that's being activated inside the cell at any given time.
因此,任一时刻细胞内,激活的信号通路不只是一条
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When this animal makes milk, it makes all the normal milk proteins, but it also activates your gene of interest as well.
那么当这一后代泌乳的时候,它不仅表达出自身正常的奶蛋白质,也激活了目的基因的表达
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The cell is going to experience something different inside because both receptors were activated instead of just one.
细胞内部将经历不同的生理过程,因为是两种受体被激活而不是一种
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So, this is the kind of immune response that gets activated only when it's needed.
所以 这是一种在需要时,被激活的免疫反应
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the difference between seeing words, hearing words, reading words and generating words can correspond to different aspects of what part of your brain is active.
看到词句,听到词句,阅读词句,创造词句,这些不同的活动,会激活你不同的大脑区域
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The part of their brain that could control certain behaviors is just not active yet.
控制特定行为的大脑区域,还未曾被激活
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This is, maybe, the strangest because the ligand that stimulates the receptor is produced by the cell itself; so sometimes cells make signals that they receive.
它可能是最奇特的,因为激活受体的配体,是由细胞自身产生的,有时细胞产生让自己接受的信号
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The more the receptor gets activated the more feedback it gets to activate.
受体被激活的程度越高,产生的反馈效应就越强
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Because if it was a neurotransmitter activated ion channel, what would happen when the neurotransmitter bound here?
因为假如这是一个,神经递质激活的离子通道,当神经递质结合于此的时候,会发生些什么呢
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What happens when that recognition takes place is that your immune system gets activated, and the activation that happens usually involves two things.
当识别进行时会发生什么呢,那时免疫系统会激活,免疫系统的激活通常包含两个过程
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So, I have a bacteria infection, stimulates my immune system, I start making antibodies that bind to an antigen specific to that bacteria.
所以 如果我被细菌感染了,我的免疫系统被激活,开始制造抗体,这些抗体结合到细菌特异性的抗原上
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An example is production of certain molecules called cytokines by T-cells that activate themselves.
细胞能分泌这类叫做细胞因子的分子,实现自激活
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They're sometimes called transcription factors and this is an example of a transcription factor that is itself activated or turned on by the presence of a steroid.
它们被称为转录因子,转录因子的一个例子就是,能够自激活或被激素激活
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They only kill cells that have the signal which stimulated them.
只能杀死那些带有能激活,它们的标记信号的细胞
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So, these are receptors, for example, that bind the ligand and then liberate an enzyme which promotes some sort of reaction inside the cell, often it's kinases but doesn't have to be.
例如,这里是受体,与配体相结合,激活一种酶,这种酶能够催化细胞内的某些反应,这些酶通常都是激酶,但不全是
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A reaction performed by one enzyme creates a product that stimulates another enzyme that creates a product, and stimulates another enzyme, and through this cascade of reactions you amplify and carry the signal forward.
一种酶催化生成的产物会活化另一种酶,而它催化的产物又能激活其他酶,催化反应生成另一种产物,通过这层层反应,信号被放大,并不断向前传递
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Well, then you could imagine a cycle here where activation of the receptor is leading to production of more ligand, is leading to activation of the receptor and production of a ligand.
那么,你就能画出一个循环图,激活受体能导致,更多配体的生成,这些配体又会刺激受体生成更多配体
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If that protein is an enzyme then you've and you've switched it from an 'off' position where it's not catalyzing a reaction to an 'on' position where it is, you've changed the biochemical state of the cell, you've changed the chemical reactions that can occur within the cell, and you've changed its behavior.
如果这种蛋白是一种酶的话,你就能够将酶从无催化作用的静息态,激活至能催化反应的激活态,你改变了细胞的生化状态,也改变了细胞内发生的化学反应,改变了细胞的行为
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One of the results of that stimulation is that B-cells - a particular subset of B-cells - gets activated.
这种激活的结果之一就是,B细胞,一类特别的B细胞亚族被激活
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In the same way cells get activated but these are different cells, these are T helper cells that get activated by MHC2.
以相同方法另一些不同的细胞也被激活,它们是被MHC2激活的T附助细胞
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Sometimes subtle changes in the structure of a protein can convert it from an active state into an inactive state.
有时蛋白质结构上一些很小的变化,就能将其由激活态转变为非激活态
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They might have different ligands which stimulate them, but once they're stimulated they work the same way.
尽管激活它们的配体有所不同,但一旦被激活的话,接下来的机制就一样了
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We now know what the scientific basis of that is, it involves activation of our immune system.
我们都知道这样做的科学依据,这牵涉到激活你的免疫系统
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For example, what if I activated this cell by encouraging it to produce this particular ligand?
如果促使细胞产生这种特定的配体,以此来激活细胞 会出现什么结果
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So, this is an immune response that doesn't have to be activated and we're used to thinking about immune responses that have to be activated.
所以 这是一种不必激活的免疫反应,我们曾认为免疫反应都需要激活
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