-
So this unique temperature and unique pressure defines a triple point everywhere, and that's a great reference point.
这样，无论在何处,三相点都具有相同的温度和压强,十分适合来作参考点。
-
It sounds pretty silly, but it's really important because it allows you to define a thermometer and temperature.
这听起来相当白痴，但是它确实很重要,因为它让你可以定义,温度计和温度。
-
Well, if you get the combustion chamber hot enough, in point of fact, there are some reactions between nitrogen and the oxygen.
如果燃烧室的温度足够高的话，实际上在氮气和氧气之间,会发生一些反应。
-
So temperature in Fahrenheit maybe with a space, just to get the aesthetics to look a little interesting.
华氏温度可能用一个间隔来，使其更加美观和有趣。
-
Virtue is to be fought for and raced for, not without dust and heat.
美德是要竞争和奋斗的，没有痕迹和温度。
-
On the other hand, temperature, volume and pressure are variables that are much easier in the lab to keep constant.
另一方面，温度，体积和压强,在实验室中比较容易保持恒定。
-
We could just collect a bunch of data. For a material .What's the volume it occupies at some pressure and temperature?
对一种物质我们可以得到一系列测量数据,在给定的温度和气压下,它的体积是什么？
-
OK, now what we'd like to do is be able to calculate any of these quantities in terms of temperature, pressure, volume properties.
现在我们想要做的是能够利用,温度，压强和体积的性质,计算上面的物理量。
-
Now, we saw before, or really I should say we accepted before, that for an ideal gas, u was a function of temperature only.
我们已经看到,或者说我们已经接受这样一个事实，即理想气体的内能只和温度有关。
-
You need a functional form that connects the value at one state of matter, the freezing point of water to another phase change, the boiling point of water.
你需要一个函数形式来,连接物质某个态对应的温度值，如水的冰点，和另一个相变,如水的沸点。
-
And you already saw last time there was this relationship between the temperature and volume changes along an adiabatic path.
是条绝热路径，而上次你已经看到,沿着绝热路径温度和体积,的变化有这个关系。
-
Whereas under these conditions, these quantities, if you look at free energy change, for example at constant temperature and pressure, H you can still calculate H.
但是，在这些条件下，这些物理量，如果我们考察自由能的变化,例如在恒定的温度和压强下，我们仍然可以计算。
-
For instance, the pressure and the temperature, or the volume and the pressure.
比如压强和温度，或体积和压强。
-
It's a state function, so we're at constant temperature and pressure, and now we want to consider some chemical change or a phase transition or you name it.
这就是态函数，我们处于恒定的温度和压强之下，然后考虑某些化学变化或者相变,或者你想考虑的东西。
-
And so, again, we see a temperature increase, and we know the work, and the temperature increase, it's a constant pressure thing.
好，我们看到温度升高了，然后我们有做功量和温度的升高量，这是一个恒定压力下的值。
-
All right, next time we're going to talk about a much better scale, which is the ideal gas thermometer and how we get to the Kelvin scale.
好，下次我们,会讲一种好得多的温标，关于理想气体温度计,和开氏温标的导出。
-
And you can find these compressibility factors in tables. If you want to know the compressibility factors for water, for steam, at a certain pressure and temperature, you go to a table and you find it.
各种气体的压缩系数,想知道水或者水蒸气,在某个温度和压强下的，压缩系数，查表就行了，这是实际气体状态方程的。
-
All right, so now we have the makings of a good thermometer and a good temperature scale.
这一常数只决定于温度,于是我们现在,可以定义一个理想的温度计和温标了。
-
Because so much of what we do in chemistry does take place with constant temperature and pressure.
因为化学中我们所做的很多东西,都是在恒定的温度和压强下进行的。
-
Heat capacity relates the amount of heat that you add to the system to the change in temperature, and this is the relationship.
热容联系起给系统提供的,热量和温度的变化，关系式是这样的：
-
There's our condition for equilibrium at constant temperature and pressure.
这就是我们在,恒定温度和压强下的平衡条件。
-
Now, the coefficient that relates the amount of heat in to the temperature change is obviously going to be different for these two cases.
在这两个例子中,很显然联系热量和温度变化的系数,是不一样的。
-
So, all I want to do now is look at the derivatives of the free energies with respect to temperature and volume and pressure.
我现在所要做的一切就是,考察自由能对,温度，体积和压强的偏导数。
-
OK, now, we're going to look at the internal energy, and we're going to pretend that it is explicitly a function of temperature and volume.
好，我们接下来看看内能，我们假设,它是温度和体积的函数。
-
So we don't really need to put in a certain amount of heat and change the temperature of the products and the calorimeter and so on.
所以我们实际上并不需要输入,一定的热量，改变生成物,和量热计的温度之类。
-
Now, I know how to relate the heat flow to temperature change, through the heat capacity.
现在我知道怎样把能量的流动,和温度的变化联系起来，通过热容。
-
The same temperature increase, work and heat, and we have a relationship between heat and work.
同样的温度升高，功和热，因此我们可以得到功和热的关系了。
-
So again with the Gibbs free energy, now I see how to determine, if I change the pressure, if I change the temperature by some modest amount, how much is the Gibbs free energy going to change?
再一次通过吉布斯自由能，我知道当我，适当的改变压强和，温度的时候，吉布斯自由能如何变化？
-
and final points, a relationship between the temperature and volume for the initial and final points.
我们就得到了,初末态的温度,和体积间的关系。
-
But it's allowed to say the internal energy is a function of temperature and volume.
但是我们也可以说内能,是温度和体积的函数。
应用推荐