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As I've suggested before, his more conservative contemporaries were appalled by the proliferation of religious sects in mid-seventeenth-century England.
这如我以前所说，他的保守的同辈人,因17世纪中期英格兰迅速增多,的宗教派系而惊恐。
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The sovereign is not, for Hobbes, the people or some faction of the people ruling directly in their collective capacity.
对霍布斯来说，君主制不是，个人或者这个人所控制的某个派系,用他们的集体力量直接统治国家。
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By the end of the period there was an unprecedented number of new religious groups.
在这段时期末,出现了空前多的新宗教派系。
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What we have in humanistic psychology is essentially a reaction to the existing psychologies of the time.
人本主义心理学本质上是,对当时各种心理学派系的不同意见。
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You can only do that by balancing competitive desires that can be thought of as evil; faction was what they were talking about and everybody thought faction was bad, but it was inevitable.
你仅仅通过平衡那些被视为罪恶的,竞争性欲望就可以达到此目的,也就是,大家所谓的派系,每个人都认为派系是不好的,但它是必然存在的
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Aristotle proposes--how does he propose to do this? He proposes a couple of remedies to offset the potentially warlike struggle between various factions.
亚里士多德对此提出了何种建议,他提出几种补救方法,来平衡派系间,可能导致战争的潜在斗争。
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I had mentioned the various factions in Parliament that the Presbyterian Party had to confront: the Independents who are to the left of the Presbyterians.
我已经提过了多种议会中的,长老派需要面对的派系：,变成长老派左派的无党派。
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Some of these groups born at this moment still exist.
那时产生的一些宗教派系现在还存在着。
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In many ways for Aristotle as it is for every student of politics the most serious the most difficult issue one confronts is the problem of faction.
从很多方面看来，无论是对亚里士多德,还是每位政治系的同学而言,最令人最感严肃,与严重的问题,是派系的问题。
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For Aristotle the point and purpose of political science is to mediate the causes of faction to help causes of faction that lead to revolution and civil war.
对亚里士多德而言,政治科学的论点与目的,是要调解形成派系的起因,避免派系形成，因那会导致革新与内战。
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Plato's famous answer to this is that this city, any city will never be free of conflict, will never be free of factional strife until, in his famous formula, kings become philosophers and philosophers become kings.
柏拉图最著名的回答是,这座城，或任何一座,都将免不了冲突，或是派系斗争，直到施行其著名的方案，国王成为哲学家,哲学家亦成王。
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The middle class he says is able to achieve the confidence of both extreme parties where at least it is sufficiently numerous to avoid the problems : of class struggle and factional conflict.
中间阶级，如他所言,能获致两种极端政党的信任,至少它的人数足以避免,阶级斗争与派系冲突的问题,亚里士多德写到。
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One side wins the argument and the battle, and sometimes the ill will is so great that the losing side feels either that it has to flee for its safety, or it chooses to flee rather than to live under their opponents.
若是其中一方获胜,有时候失势的一方面临威胁,会离开这个地方以求自保,或者是逃离他们的敌对派系的压迫
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The Presbyterians needed to halt the endless generation of dangerous religious propaganda and continued what they felt on some level was the continued metastasis of Protestant sects.
长老派需要停止无穷无尽不断产生的,危险的宗教宣传,继续他们认为的在一定程度上,继续转移的清教徒派系。
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How to control for conflict between factions.
如何控制派系间的冲突。
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So Aristotle in a way has discovered long before James Madison's famous article in Federalist Number 10 the remedy for the control and containment so to speak of faction.
所以，亚里士多德从这个角度看来,比，James，Madison，著名的,《联邦主义者文集》第十号0,声明更早发现控堵派系的方法,应可以这么说，你们应记得。
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