So, France has this provisional government-- you can read about this stuff, it's not that interesting; well, it's passionately interesting.

法国的临时政府,你会读到相关资料的,它没什么意思,好吧,它非常有激情有意思

耶鲁公开课 - 1871年后的法国课程节选

Even though decentralized England expands its bureaucracy and collected taxes much more efficiently than across the channel in France, state-making involved more officials there.

即使是在分权的英国 官僚政府也日益扩大,他们比海峡对岸的法国有着更多苛捐杂税,现代国家的形成需要更多的官员

耶鲁公开课 - 欧洲文明课程节选

And there were cases where Bretons tried to name their children Breton names and the French State said, uh-uh,pas possible, because it wasn't officially French.

还有一些布里多尼人,想要给他们的孩子取布里多尼的名字,但是法国政府说,想都别想,这并非官方法语

耶鲁公开课 - 1871年后的法国课程节选

And, one of the reasons why the role of the dominance of Paris is so great is precisely because of the centralization of the French state.

巴黎能够取得支配地位的一个原因,恰恰就是法国政府的中央集权化

耶鲁公开课 - 1871年后的法国课程节选

Now,that has changed, for sure; but,the centralization of the French government and the domination of Paris over the life of the nation is very difficult to change, over a long period of time.

现在,情况已经发生了改变,但是法国政府的中央集权化,以及巴黎在国民生活中的支配地位,在相当时间段内,都很难得以改变

耶鲁公开课 - 1871年后的法国课程节选

I'm going to talk about the centralization of the French State and the question of why Paris--and that's kind of fun to talk about- and the role of Paris in centralization, and the particular role of Paris in French economic, political, social and cultural life.

一是讲法国政府的集权化统治,还有巴黎为什么 谈论这个很有意思,巴黎在中央集权政府中的地位,以及其在法国经济,社会,文化领域中的地位

耶鲁公开课 - 1871年后的法国课程节选

And here, this is Marianne being martyred by the French provisional government, and in the back is the-- is it the dawning of the social republic of the Left, that is these ordinary people who have fought so long and so hard.

这是玛丽安娜正在殉难,被法国临时政府杀害,这后面是,是象征着左翼的共和国的黎明,这也是平民们不畏困苦,坚持战斗的原因

耶鲁公开课 - 1871年后的法国课程节选