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This is the fact that we occupy a finite volume in space, because they're little hard spheres in this molecule.
这是由气体分子在空间中,占据有限体积造成的,因为事实上它们是硬的小圆球。
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And that will end up winning out at basically any realistic temperature where the stuff really is a gas.
在体系仍然处于气体状态的温度下,熵战胜了能量。
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If we get the pressure in there just right, we will allow for gas electron collisions and then we get the glow that ultimately was sent through the slits.
如果我们把气压设置在一个适当程度，把气体电子碰撞也算在里面,我们得到的炽热,最终将通过裂缝传送。
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And if you put this in the well-ventilated area, if you prepare this outside, the h c n gas will actually be released into the air, so you're safe, you can eat it later.
而如果你把它们放在通风良好的地方，在室外处理，那么氰化氢气体,将会被释放到空气中，这样你就安全了，过后就可以吃了。
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I say this now with great confidence but ten years ago this story, which all the Greeks agreed too, agreed upon in every respect, that the temple of Apollo was built right on top of this, and underneath the floor of the temple was this little room where the gases came up, where the priestess sat, where all of this came up.
我现在敢在这里夸夸其谈,但是十年前,当时的希腊人,对这个传说都是深信不移的,阿波罗神庙正好建在它上面,神庙地板底下正是气体出现的小屋,女祭司也坐在这里,一切都发生于此
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Your plant is going to blow up, because the ideal gas law works only in very small range of pressures and temperatures for most gases.
理想气体定律,只在一个很小的压强,与温度的范围内适用。
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PROFESSOR BAWENDI: So the question was, for an isothermal expansion, delta u does not change, therefore, The answer is that's true only for an ideal gas.
你的问题是，在等温过程中，内能是否，这只对理想气体成立。
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All right, then as I push through, I'm going to start with all of my gas on this side, and at the end I'm going to have all the gas on the other side.
好的，随着我的推动,刚开始这些气体全在这一边,到了最后，这些气体全在另一边。
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B=0 There's going to be some temperature where B is equal to zero. In that case, your gas is going to look awfully like an ideal gas.
在某个温度,这时，实际气体的表现，十分接近理想气体,高于这一温度它是正的。
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And again there, too, you saw an experimental result you were presented with that says, well at least to the extent that it could be measured, it was obviously getting very small.
再一次，你看到了一个,你经知道的实结果，至少在实验测量的范围内，对理想气体条件下的气体这一项很小。
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I left out the noble gases here because they do something a little bit special, and actually, I'm going to give you one last clicker question today to see if you can tell me what you think noble gases do.
我并没有把稀有气体算在里面,因为它们的电子亲和能有点特别，实际上，我将会把这作为今天的,最后一个选择题，来请大家告诉我,你们觉得稀有气体电子亲和能应该是怎样的。
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HBr They form HBr which is a gas at room temperature and one bar, right.
和常压下是液体，它们生成了,在室温和1巴下是气体。
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And so an experiment said the gas didn't increase its temperature when it expanded the vacuum.
这个实验告诉你,气体在向真空膨胀的过程,中温度没有升高。
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And you can find these compressibility factors in tables. If you want to know the compressibility factors for water, for steam, at a certain pressure and temperature, you go to a table and you find it.
各种气体的压缩系数,想知道水或者水蒸气,在某个温度和压强下的，压缩系数，查表就行了，这是实际气体状态方程的。
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So for an ideal gas then, dH/dp under 0 constant temperature, that has to be equal to zero.
所以对于理想气体,偏H偏p在恒温下，等于。
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Avogadro was a professor of chemistry at the University of Turin who did a lot of work on gas laws, understanding the number of gas particles in a given volume at a given temperature.
阿伏加德罗是一个化学教授,在都灵大学,他做了很多关于气体定律的研究，了解气体微粒,在特定的容量和温度下的数目。
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We call that inversion because on one side you end up cooling if you compress.
因为在这个温度的一边,当你压缩气体时气体降温。
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Then I can go back, the gas is included at every point of the way.
我就能走回去，气体被包含在路径上的每个点中。
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And on the other side of that temperature you end up heating if you compress.
而在另一边的温度上,压缩气体将导致升温。
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So, one difference between photoelectron spectroscopy and, for example, the photoelectric effect is that in this case, we're not just looking at one energy level, which is what we were looking at from the surface of a metal, now we're talking about this gaseous atom.
光电子能谱与光电效应的不同点在于，以这种情况为例，我们不只关心一个能级，就像原来在金属表面那样，现在我们研究的是气体原子，所以，我们可以从原子中。
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And so, when you think about how much cement concrete are consumed annually on the planet, this becomes a considerable point source of greenhouse gas emissions.
当你想到,在地球上每年要消耗多少的水泥混凝土的时候,这将是温室气体排放的,一个主要来源。
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I know neon has a higher yet electronegativity, but normally it is inert.
我知道氖有个更高的电子力，但在常态下它是惰性气体。
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But now, so this is where the refrigeration comes in. So if you take a gas, and you're below the inversion temperature and you make it go through this irreversible process, the gas comes out colder from that side than that side.
这就是冰箱的原理,如果在低于转变温度,的情况下我们将气体经过,这个不可逆过程,气体出来的温度将比这边低。
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He was doing experiments in a gas discharge tube.
实验是在一个气体放电管中进行的。
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dq=CvdT STUDENT: PROFESSOR BAWENDI: Well, let's see.
学生：在等容过程中：,对理想气体。
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And here, in an isothermal expansion, The bath is putting back the energy that the gas is expanding or using to expand, and so the energy is flowing back into the gas through the environment in the isothermal expansion.
而在等温膨胀中，恒温环境将气体膨胀对外做功,而损失的能量又返还回来，在等温膨胀中,能量从环境,流向系统。
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So the work that you're doing to expand, to go through this experiment, ends up cooling the gas.
因此在膨胀气体的过程中,气体降温。
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And so now, instead of using these reference points for the Kelvin scale, we use the absolute zero, which isn't going to care what the pressure is.
就像理想气体温标,与气体的种类无关一样，具有普适性，在开尔文温标中。
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u=0 And it's approximately equal to zero for all real gas processes.
在所有理想气体绝热过程中Δ,对真实气体近似为零。
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So the Joule free expansion involves opening this valve and asking what happens when this gas moves into the other bulb or distributes between the two.
焦耳自由膨胀就是,打开阀门后的过程,气体从一个腔跑到另一个腔,并在它们之间平均分配。
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